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MCB4403 Chapter 16 & 19 Exam Study
Guide.
External electron acceptors - Answers✔Molecules like oxygen, nitrate, TMAO used in
respiration.
Nitrogen limitation - Answers✔Insufficient nitrogen affecting metabolic processes.
Phosphate limitation - Answers✔Insufficient phosphate impacting cellular functions.
Extracytoplasmic stress - Answers✔Stress from heat or chemicals denaturing proteins.
Heat shock - Answers✔Response to elevated temperatures affecting protein stability.
Cold shock - Answers✔Response to low temperatures affecting cellular processes.
Osmotic shock - Answers✔Response to changes in solute concentration affecting cells.
Aerobic respiration - Answers✔Energy production using oxygen as electron acceptor.
Anaerobic respiration - Answers✔Energy production without oxygen, using alternative
acceptors.
Arc System - Answers✔Regulates switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
ArcB - Answers✔Histidine protein kinase involved in oxygen sensing.
ArcA - Answers✔Response regulator activating anaerobic gene expression.
Fumarate Nitrate Reduction (FNR) - Answers✔Regulates genes for anaerobic respiration with
nitrate.
Nar System - Answers✔Regulates transcription of genes for nitrate reduction.
FhlA - Answers✔Transcriptional regulator activating formate hydrogen lyase genes.
Glutamine synthetase (GS) - Answers✔Enzyme synthesizing glutamine from glutamate and
ammonia.
Nitrogenase - Answers✔Enzyme complex converting nitrogen gas to ammonia.
Amt ammonium transporters - Answers✔Transport proteins for high-affinity ammonium uptake.
1
MCB4403 Chapter 16 & 19 Exam Study
Guide.
External electron acceptors - Answers✔Molecules like oxygen, nitrate, TMAO used in
respiration.
Nitrogen limitation - Answers✔Insufficient nitrogen affecting metabolic processes.
Phosphate limitation - Answers✔Insufficient phosphate impacting cellular functions.
Extracytoplasmic stress - Answers✔Stress from heat or chemicals denaturing proteins.
Heat shock - Answers✔Response to elevated temperatures affecting protein stability.
Cold shock - Answers✔Response to low temperatures affecting cellular processes.
Osmotic shock - Answers✔Response to changes in solute concentration affecting cells.
Aerobic respiration - Answers✔Energy production using oxygen as electron acceptor.
Anaerobic respiration - Answers✔Energy production without oxygen, using alternative
acceptors.
Arc System - Answers✔Regulates switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
ArcB - Answers✔Histidine protein kinase involved in oxygen sensing.
ArcA - Answers✔Response regulator activating anaerobic gene expression.
Fumarate Nitrate Reduction (FNR) - Answers✔Regulates genes for anaerobic respiration with
nitrate.
Nar System - Answers✔Regulates transcription of genes for nitrate reduction.
FhlA - Answers✔Transcriptional regulator activating formate hydrogen lyase genes.
Glutamine synthetase (GS) - Answers✔Enzyme synthesizing glutamine from glutamate and
ammonia.
Nitrogenase - Answers✔Enzyme complex converting nitrogen gas to ammonia.
Amt ammonium transporters - Answers✔Transport proteins for high-affinity ammonium uptake.
1
