©FYNDLAY.
MCB4150 Exam 3/Final Study Guide.
Superphylum of: Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Verrumicrobia - Answers✔-inhabit soils,
aquatic systems, and in association with eukaryotic hosts
-superphylum LACKS peptidoglycan
-UNIQUE because cells have internal compartmentalization
Planctomycete - Answers✔-free-living aquatic oligotrophs
-divide by budding
-Components= flagellum, stalk, and pilus
Stalk: attachment
Flagellum: movement
Pilus: budding
-S-layer Cell Wall; resistant to antibiotics that disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis
~GENES for peptidoglycan synthesis still found, may be purposed in different ways from other
bacteria
-some are nucleated: Nucleoid is surrounded by nuclear envelope
-> DNA covalently closed, circular, and supercoiled
-> nuclear membrane is invagination in cytoplasmic membrane
1
, ©FYNDLAY.
-some members are nitrifying bacteria that oxidize ammonia
Anammox - Answers✔-anoxic ammonia oxidation
(classic nitrifying bacteria are aerobes, but ammonia can also be oxidized under anoxic
conditions)
-oxidation of ammonia with Nitrite/NO2- as external electron acceptor to yield gaseous nitrogen
Anammox Reaction - Answers✔NH4+ + NO2- -> N2 + 2H2O
Delta G= -357 kJ
-Nitrite reduced to nitric oxide by Nitrite Reductase, then Hydrazine Synthase mediates nitric
oxide reacting with ammonia to produce hydrazine (very strong reductant), then Hydrazine
Dehydrogenase oxidizes hydrazine to form N2 gas
-electrons generated funneled into ETC where they form a PMF, and electrons also donated to
initial reductive steps
-ATPase is in the membrane of anammoxosome for ATP generation
Enzymes:
~Nitrite Reductase
~Hydrazine Synthase
~Hydrazine Dehydrogenase
REDOX Reaction:
~Ammonia= e- donor
~Nitrite= e- acceptor
~Hydrazine= strong reductant
Brocadia anammoxidans - Answers✔-member of Planctomycetes
2
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-autotroph
-catalyzes anammox
-fixes CO2 via Acetyl-CoA Pathway
Anammoxosome - Answers✔-unit membrane structure where anammox reaction occurs
-protects the cell from toxic intermediates produced during anammox reaction
-made of DISTINT lipids: Ladderane Lipids, forming dense membrane structure preventing
diffusion of substance from anammoxosome to cytoplasm
-> ester AND ether bonds
Chlamydiae - Answers✔-obligately intracellular parasites
-simplest biochemical capabilities of ALL known bacteria
-thought to be "energy parasites", but have genes for ATP synthesis, peptidoglycan biosynthesis,
and some "eukaryotic-like" genes
~"eukaryotic-like" means they were horizontally inherited from the host
-gram negative cell wall, LACK peptidoglycan
~lack sensitivity to penicillin
~still has genes for peptidoglycan synthesis -> chemically different form not yet detectable from
current chemical methods
-divide by binary fission
Chlamydia Life Cycle - Answers✔-Elementary Body: small, dense cell with rigid cell wall
relatively resistant to drying, is nongrowing, and infectious
-> NOT capable of multiplying
3
MCB4150 Exam 3/Final Study Guide.
Superphylum of: Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Verrumicrobia - Answers✔-inhabit soils,
aquatic systems, and in association with eukaryotic hosts
-superphylum LACKS peptidoglycan
-UNIQUE because cells have internal compartmentalization
Planctomycete - Answers✔-free-living aquatic oligotrophs
-divide by budding
-Components= flagellum, stalk, and pilus
Stalk: attachment
Flagellum: movement
Pilus: budding
-S-layer Cell Wall; resistant to antibiotics that disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis
~GENES for peptidoglycan synthesis still found, may be purposed in different ways from other
bacteria
-some are nucleated: Nucleoid is surrounded by nuclear envelope
-> DNA covalently closed, circular, and supercoiled
-> nuclear membrane is invagination in cytoplasmic membrane
1
, ©FYNDLAY.
-some members are nitrifying bacteria that oxidize ammonia
Anammox - Answers✔-anoxic ammonia oxidation
(classic nitrifying bacteria are aerobes, but ammonia can also be oxidized under anoxic
conditions)
-oxidation of ammonia with Nitrite/NO2- as external electron acceptor to yield gaseous nitrogen
Anammox Reaction - Answers✔NH4+ + NO2- -> N2 + 2H2O
Delta G= -357 kJ
-Nitrite reduced to nitric oxide by Nitrite Reductase, then Hydrazine Synthase mediates nitric
oxide reacting with ammonia to produce hydrazine (very strong reductant), then Hydrazine
Dehydrogenase oxidizes hydrazine to form N2 gas
-electrons generated funneled into ETC where they form a PMF, and electrons also donated to
initial reductive steps
-ATPase is in the membrane of anammoxosome for ATP generation
Enzymes:
~Nitrite Reductase
~Hydrazine Synthase
~Hydrazine Dehydrogenase
REDOX Reaction:
~Ammonia= e- donor
~Nitrite= e- acceptor
~Hydrazine= strong reductant
Brocadia anammoxidans - Answers✔-member of Planctomycetes
2
, ©FYNDLAY.
-autotroph
-catalyzes anammox
-fixes CO2 via Acetyl-CoA Pathway
Anammoxosome - Answers✔-unit membrane structure where anammox reaction occurs
-protects the cell from toxic intermediates produced during anammox reaction
-made of DISTINT lipids: Ladderane Lipids, forming dense membrane structure preventing
diffusion of substance from anammoxosome to cytoplasm
-> ester AND ether bonds
Chlamydiae - Answers✔-obligately intracellular parasites
-simplest biochemical capabilities of ALL known bacteria
-thought to be "energy parasites", but have genes for ATP synthesis, peptidoglycan biosynthesis,
and some "eukaryotic-like" genes
~"eukaryotic-like" means they were horizontally inherited from the host
-gram negative cell wall, LACK peptidoglycan
~lack sensitivity to penicillin
~still has genes for peptidoglycan synthesis -> chemically different form not yet detectable from
current chemical methods
-divide by binary fission
Chlamydia Life Cycle - Answers✔-Elementary Body: small, dense cell with rigid cell wall
relatively resistant to drying, is nongrowing, and infectious
-> NOT capable of multiplying
3
