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Anatomy for nursing students
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2022-2023
By:Assis.prof/Salwa mohammed ouies
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, In this Anatomical Position
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• The body is assumed to be standing,
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• Head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly (forward).
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• Upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly.
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• Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly.
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ANATOMICAL TERMS f
• Anterior (frontal) ►Towards the front.
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• Posterior (Dorsal) ►Towards the back. f f f f
• Superior ►Towards the head. f f f
• Inferior ►Towards the feet. f f f
• Proximal ►closer to the root. The elbow is proximal to the wrist on the upper extremity.
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• Distal ► away from the root. The elbow is distal to the shoulder joint on the upper extremit
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y.
• Median ►A point or area on the midsagittal plane (median plane).
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• Medial ►A point or area that is closer to the midsagittal plane than another.
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• Lateral ►A point or area that is more distant from the mid-
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sagittal or median plane. For example the outer side of the elbow is lateral when compared
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with, the inner side.
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1
, …………………………………………………………………….
Skin
Skin is the outside covering of body tissue, accounts for 12%% of body weight.
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Skin performs the following functions:
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1. Protection for the body from environmental effects.
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2. Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that jump to heat and cold, touch, pre
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ssure, vibration, and tissue injury;
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3. Heat regulation through sweat glands, blood vessels, and fat.
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4. Storage : acts as a storage center for lipids and water
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5. Absorption: Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in
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small amounts, f f
The skin consists of a superficial cellular layer, the epidermis, which creates a tough prote
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ctive outer surface, and a basal (deep) layer, the dermis.
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2
, Fascia f
A fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding t
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hose structures together. It consists of a superficial fascia and a deep fascia
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The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of fou
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r major kinds:
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Cells→ Tissues→Organs→Systems f
Systemic anatomy: study organ systems that work together to carry out complex function
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s. f
The skeletal system.
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The muscular system
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The articular system
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The nervous system
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The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels.
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The lymphatic system
f f f
The digestive system
f f f
The respiratory system
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The urinary system
f f f
The reproductive system
f f f
3
Anatomy for nursing students
f f f
2022-2023
By:Assis.prof/Salwa mohammed ouies
f f
, In this Anatomical Position
f f f
• The body is assumed to be standing,
f f f f f f f
• Head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly (forward).
f f f f f f
• Upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly.
f f f f f f f f f
• Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly.
f f f f f f f f f f f f
ANATOMICAL TERMS f
• Anterior (frontal) ►Towards the front.
f f f f
• Posterior (Dorsal) ►Towards the back. f f f f
• Superior ►Towards the head. f f f
• Inferior ►Towards the feet. f f f
• Proximal ►closer to the root. The elbow is proximal to the wrist on the upper extremity.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
• Distal ► away from the root. The elbow is distal to the shoulder joint on the upper extremit
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
y.
• Median ►A point or area on the midsagittal plane (median plane).
f f f f f f f f f f f
• Medial ►A point or area that is closer to the midsagittal plane than another.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
• Lateral ►A point or area that is more distant from the mid-
f f f f f f f f f f f f
sagittal or median plane. For example the outer side of the elbow is lateral when compared
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
with, the inner side.
f f f
1
, …………………………………………………………………….
Skin
Skin is the outside covering of body tissue, accounts for 12%% of body weight.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
Skin performs the following functions:
f f f f
1. Protection for the body from environmental effects.
f f f f f f
2. Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that jump to heat and cold, touch, pre
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
ssure, vibration, and tissue injury;
f f f f f
3. Heat regulation through sweat glands, blood vessels, and fat.
f f f f f f f f
4. Storage : acts as a storage center for lipids and water
f f f f f f f f f f
5. Absorption: Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in
f f f f f f f f f f f f
small amounts, f f
The skin consists of a superficial cellular layer, the epidermis, which creates a tough prote
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
ctive outer surface, and a basal (deep) layer, the dermis.
f f f f f f f f f
2
, Fascia f
A fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding t
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
hose structures together. It consists of a superficial fascia and a deep fascia
f f f f f f f f f f f f
The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of fou
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
r major kinds:
f f
Cells→ Tissues→Organs→Systems f
Systemic anatomy: study organ systems that work together to carry out complex function
f f f f f f f f f f f f
s. f
The skeletal system.
f f f
The muscular system
f f f
The articular system
f f f
The nervous system
f f f
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels.
f f f f f f f f f
The lymphatic system
f f f
The digestive system
f f f
The respiratory system
f f
The urinary system
f f f
The reproductive system
f f f
3
