RN growth and development EAQ.

‫الجامعة‪f‬اإلسالمية‪f_f‬غزة‪f‬‬
‫كلية‪f‬التمريض‬




‫‪HUMAN‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬




‫‪GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬




‫أ‪f.‬عبد‪f‬المطلب‪f‬الكحلوت‬




‫‪FALL:f2015‬‬

, Human Growth and Development f f f




Introduction f




The process of human growth and development is a complex phenomenon. It is unde
f f f f f f f f f f f f f



r the control of both genetic and environmental influences, which operate in such a w
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f



ay that, at specific times during the period of growth, one or the other may be the dom
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f



inant influence. The concepts of growth and development are fundamental to the pra
f f f f f f f f f f f f



ctice of nurses. Throughout the period of child development, major milestones are a
f f f f f f f f f f f f



ccomplished. For each of these developmental periods, important aspects of care inv
f f f f f f f f f f f



olving areas of nutrition, language, safety, and discipline must be addressed. Special
f f f f f f f f f f f



areas of condemns involving communication, pain perception, and medication adm
f f f f f f f f f f



inistration are essential for providing care for both mother and child.
f f f f f f f f f f f




Definitions f




Growth: an increase in number and size of cells as they divide and synthesize new pr
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f



otein result in increased size of the whole or any of its part.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f




Development: Gradual maturation of organs and its functioning systems, maturatio f f f f f f f f f



n start from lower to more advanced stages of complexity.
f f f f f f f f f f




▪ Growth is an essential feature of a child and this distinguishes him or her from
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f



an adult. f f



▪ The process of growth starts from the time of conception of the fertilized ovu
f f f f f f f f f f f f f



m and continues until the child grows into a fully mature adult.
f f f f f f f f f f f f



▪ The two terms growth and development are often used together, they are not i
f f f f f f f f f f f f f



nterchangeable because they represent two different aspects of dynamic of ch f f f f f f f f f f



ange, those of quantity and quality.f f f f f f



▪ Growth and development usually proceed concurrently; but not always interr
f f f f f f f f f



elate. f




1

,Determinants of growth f f f




1. Genetic Influences: This refers to factors those are responsible for the charact
f f f f f f f f f f f



eristic and patterns of individual growth, certain anomalies and some of the fa
f f f f f f f f f f f f



milial diseases.
f f



2. Phenotype: tall parents have tall children; the size of head is more closely relat
f f f f f f f f f f f f f



ed to that of parents than the size and shape of hand and feet.
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f



3. Race: growth potential of children of different racial groups is variable.
f f f f f f f f f f f



4. Sex: puberty growth spot occurs earlier in girls but at full maturity their mean
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f



height and weight is less.
f f f f f



5. Hormonal factors: pituitary growth Hormone (GH) is directly related to grow
f f f f f f f f f f



th.f



6. Genetic disorders: growth and development are adversely affected by certain
f f f f f f f f f f



genetic disorders on two types:
f f f f f



a. Chromosomal abnormalities: several chromosomal defects manifested i f f f f f f



n sever growth disturbances as turner syndrome "45 chromosomes that o
f f f f f f f f f f



ne X chromosome is missed" or down syndrome "47 chromosome with tr
f f f f f f f f f f f



isomy 21". f



b. Gene mutation: result in inherited disorder of growth i.e. Classic galactos
f f f f f f f f f f



emial (a genetic condition in which the body can't process a simple sugar
f f f f f f f f f f f f f



called galactose caused by deficiency in the enzyme galactose -1-
f f f f f f f f f



phosphate uridylyltransferase) f




2

, Environmental Influences f f




1. Nutrition f




Fetuses those are belonged to undernourished and anemic mothers are usually small
f f f f f f f f f f f f



that the average infant birth weight born to mothers receiving nutrition supplement d
f f f f f f f f f f f f



uring pregnancy is higher than those of infant of malnourished mothers. Optimal ma
f f f f f f f f f f f f



ternal nutrition cause obesity accelerated somatic fetal growth while under nourishe
f f f f f f f f f f



d baby suffer from sever growth retardation.
f f f f f f f




2. Chemical agents f f




Pregnant woman who receive some drugs as thalidomide during the first trimester af
f f f f f f f f f f f f



fect in differentiation of organs which are developing at that period thus resulting in
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f



birth defects, androgen hormones initially accelerate the skeletal growth but epiphy
f f f f f f f f f f



ses of bones close prematurely so bone growth stop early result of born of infant shor
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f



ter than normal.
f f f




3. Trauma

Head injury may lead to brain damage. Fracture of the end of bone may damage the g
f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f



rowing end thus retarded the skeletal growth.
f f f f f f f




4. Infections f




Maternal infection as TORCH infection leads to congenital malformation of the fetu
f f f f f f f f f f f



s and the children growth retarded. Also infections and parasitic disease in children r
f f f f f f f f f f f f f



educe the velocity of growth.
f f f f f




3