Introduction to Formal Logic 1st Edition Marcus Test Bank 2

DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Introduction to Formal Logic 1st Edition Marcus
q q q q q q q q q q q




IntroductionqtoqFormalqLogicqwithqPhilosophicalqApplications
Instructor’sqManualqChapt
erq2




mynursytest.store

,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Introduction to Formal Logic 1st Edition Marcus
q q q q q q q q q q q




Contents
Chapterq2qSummary....................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapterq2qKeyqTerms ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapterq2qInstructorqTestqBank ..................................................................................................................... 5
Chapterq1qMultipleqChoice......................................................................................................................... 5
Sectionq2.1 ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Sectionq2.2 ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Sectionq2.3 ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Sectionq2.4 ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Sectionq2.5 ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Sectionq2.6 ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Sectionq2.7 ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Chapterq2qTraditional............................................................................................................................... 30
Sectionq2.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 30
Sectionq2.2 ............................................................................................................................................... 31
Sectionq2.3 ........................................................................................................................................... 32
Sectionq2.4 ........................................................................................................................................... 33
Sectionq2.5 ........................................................................................................................................... 40
Sectionq2.6 ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Sectionq2.7 ........................................................................................................................................... 52




mynursytest.store

,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Introduction to Formal Logic 1st Edition Marcus
q q q q q q q q q q q




Chapterq2q-qPropositionalqLogic:qSyntaxqandqSemantics

Chapter 2 Summary:
q q

• Propositionalqlogicqisqtheqlogicqofqpropositionsqandqtheirqinferentialqrelations.
• Aqpropositionqisqaqstatement,qoftenqexpressedqbyqaqdeclarativeqsentence,qwhichqhasqaqtruthqvalue.
• PLqisqtheqformalqobjectqlanguageqofqpropositionalqlogic.
• TheqsyntaxqofqPLqspecifiesqitsqvocabularyqandqrulesqforqmakingqformulas.
• TheqvocabularyqofqPLqincludesquppercaseqletters,qfiveqoperators—
qtildeq(~),qdotq(•),qvelq(˅),qhorseshoeq(⊃),qtriple-barq(≡)—andqpunctuationqmarksq(),q[],q{}.

• Logicalqoperatorsqareqtoolsqforqcombiningqpropositionsqorqterms.
• Unaryqoperatorsqapplyqonlyqtoqaqsingleqproposition.qTheyqneverqrelateqorqconnectqtwoqpropositions.q
Negation,q~,qisqtheqonlyqunaryqoperatorqinqPL.
• Binaryqoperatorsqrelateqorqconnectqtwoqpropositions.qAllqoperatorsqofqPL,qexceptqnegation,qareq
binaryqoperators.
• Negation,q~,qisqtheqlogicalqoperatorqusedqtoqtranslateq‘not’,q‘itqisqnotqtheqcaseqthat’,q‘itqisqfalseqthat’,q
andqrelatedqterms.qItqisqtheqonlyqunaryqoperator.
• Conjunction,q•,qisqtheqlogicalqoperatorqusedqtoqtranslateq‘and’,q‘but’,qandqrelatedqterms.qItqisqaq
binaryqoperator.qTheqformulasqjoinedqbyqaqconjunctionqareqcalledqconjuncts.
• Disjunction,q˅,qisqtheqlogicalqoperatorqusedqtoqtranslateq‘or’,q‘unless’,qandqrelatedqterms.qItqisqaq
binaryqoperator.qTheqformulasqjoinedqbyqaqdisjunctionqareqcalledqdisjuncts.
• Materialqimplication,q⊃,qisqtheqlogicalqoperatorqusedqtoqtranslateqconditionals,q‘ifq.q.q.qthenq.q.q.
statements’,qandqrelatedqterms.qItqisqaqbinaryqoperator.qTheqformulaqprecedingqtheq⊃qisqcalledqtheqantecedent
;qtheqformulaqfollowingqtheq⊃qisqcalledqtheqconsequent.qTheqorderqofqtheqantecedentqandqconsequentqisqsignif
icant;qSq⊃qPqisqnotqlogicallyqequivalentqtoqPq⊃qS.
• Theqbiconditional,q≡,qisqtheqlogicalqoperatorqusedqforq‘if-and-only-
if’,qandqrelatedqterms.qItqisqaqbinaryqoperator.qTheqbiconditionalqisqaqconjunctionqofqaqconditionalq
withqitsqconverse;q‘Aq≡qB’qisqshortqforq‘(Aq⊃qB)q•q(Bq⊃qA)’.
• Formationqrulesqspecifyqhowqtoqcombineqtheqvocabularyqofqaqlanguageqintoqwell-
formedqformulasq(wffs).
• Aqwff,qorqwell-
formedqformula,qisqanyqlogicalqsymbolqorqstringqofqsymbolsqthatqareqconstructedqproperly.qAqwff
qisqanalogousqtoqaqgrammaticallyqcorrectqsentence.

• PLqhasqfourqformationqrules.qPL1:qAqsingleqcapitalqEnglishqletterqisqaqwff.qPL2:qIfqαqisqaqwff,qsoqis
~α.qPL3:qIfqαqandqβqareqwffs,qthenqsoqare:q(αq•qβ),q(αq˅qβ),q(αq⊃qβ),qandq(αq≡qβ).qPL4:qTheseqareqtheqo
nlyqwaysqtoqmakeqwffs.
• AnqatomicqformulaqofqPLqisqanyqwffqformedqbyqaqsinglequseqofqPL1:qaqsingleqcapitalqEnglishqletter.
• AqcomplexqformulaqofqPLqisqaqwffqformedqinqanyqwayqbesidesqaqsinglequseqofqPL1.
• Theqmainqoperatorqisqtheqlastqoperatorqaddedqtoqaqwffqaccordingqtoqtheqformationqrules.
• TheqsemanticsqofqPLqspecifiesqtheqrulesqforqinterpretingqtheqsymbolsqandqformulasqofqtheql
anguage.
• Bivalentqlogicqisqaqtwo-
valuedqlogic.qEveryqstatementqisqinterpretedqasqeitherqtrueqorqfalse,qandqnotqboth.qTheqlogicqofqPLqis
qinterpretedqasqbivalent.

• Compositionalityqisqaqsemanticqprincipleqstatingqthatqtheqmeaningqofqaqcomplexqsentenceqisq
determinedqbyqtheqmeaningsqofqitsqcomponentqparts.qTheqlanguageqofqPLqisqcompositional.

• Theqtruthqvalueqofqaqcomplexqpropositionqisqtheqtruthqvalueqofqitsqmainqoperator.
• Aqtruthqtableqshowsqtheqtruthqvalueqforqaqcomplexqpropositionqgivenqanyqtruthqvaluesqofqitsq
componentqpropositions.




mynursytest.store

, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Introduction to Formal Logic 1st Edition Marcus
q q q q q q q q q q q




• Theqbasicqtruthqtableqisqaqwayqofqrepresentingqtheqsemanticqrulesqgoverningqeachqoperatorqbyqs
howingqtheqtruthqvalueqofqtheqoperation,qgivenqanyqpossibleqdistributionqofqtruthqvaluesqofqtheqc
omponentqpropositions.
• Negation,q~,qisqinterpretedqasqtrueqwhenqtheqformulaqtoqwhichqitqappliesqisqfalse;qitqisqinterpretedqasqf
alseqwhenqtheqformulaqtoqwhichqitqappliesqisqtrue.
• Conjunction,q•,qisqinterpretedqasqtrueqonlyqwhenqbothqconjunctsqareqtrue;qotherwiseqitqisqfalse.
• Disjunction,q˅,qisqinterpretedqasqfalseqonlyqwhenqbothqdisjunctsqareqfalse;qotherwiseqitqisqtrue.
• Materialqimplication,q⊃,qisqinterpretedqasqfalseqonlyqwhenqtheqantecedentqisqtrueqandqtheq
consequentqisqfalse;qotherwiseqitqisqtrue.
• Theqbiconditional,q≡,qisqinterpretedqasqtrueqwhenqtheqcomponentqstatementsqshareqtheqsameqtruthq
value,q(whenqtheyqareqbothqtrueqorqbothqfalse);qotherwiseqitqisqfalse.
• Aqsufficientqconditionqisqsomethingqadequateqorqenoughq(thoughqnotqnecessarilyqrequired)qforqs
omethingqelseqtoqobtain.qInqaqmaterialqimplication,qtheqtruthqofqtheqantecedentqisqtheqsufficientqc
onditionqofqtheqtruthqofqtheqconsequent.
• Aqnecessaryqconditionqisqsomethingqrequiredq(thoughqnotqnecessarilyqadequateqorqenough)qforqs
omethingqelseqtoqobtain.qInqaqmaterialqimplication,qtheqtruthqofqtheqconsequentqisqtheqnecessaryqc
onditionqofqtheqtruthqofqtheqantecedent.
• Aqtautologyqisqaqpropositionqthatqisqtrueqinqeveryqrowqofqitsqtruthqtable.qTheyqareqtheqlogicalqtruthsq
ofqPL.
• Logicalqtruthsqareqpropositionsqthatqareqtrueqonqanyqinterpretation.
• Aqcontingencyqisqaqpropositionqthatqisqtrueqinqsomeqrowsqofqitsqtruthqtableqandqfalseqinqothers.
• Aqcontradictionqisqaqpropositionqthatqisqfalseqinqeveryqrowqofqitsqtruthqtable.
• Twoqorqmoreqpropositionsqareqlogicallyqequivalentqwhenqtheyqhaveqtheqsameqtruthqvaluesqinqeveryqr
owqofqtheirqtruthqtables.
• Twoqpropositionsqareqcontradictoryqwhenqtheyqhaveqoppositeqtruthqvaluesqinqeveryqrowqofqtheirqt
ruthqtables.
• Twoqorqmoreqpropositionsqareqconsistentqwhenqtheyqareqtrueqinqatqleastqoneqcommonqrowqofqtheirqt
ruthqtables.
• Twoqpropositionsqareqinconsistentqwhenqthereqisqnoqrowqofqtheirqtruthqtablesqinqwhichqbothq
statementsqareqtrue.
• Aqvaluationqisqanqassignmentqofqtruthqvaluesqtoqsimpleqcomponentqpropositions.
• Anqinvalidqargumentqisqoneqinqwhichqitqisqpossibleqforqtrueqpremisesqtoqyieldqaqfalseqconclusion.
• Aqvalidqargumentqhasqnoqrowqofqitsqtruthqtableqinqwhichqtheqpremisesqareqtrueqandqtheqconclusionqisqf
alse.qInqaqvalidqargument,qifqtheqpremisesqareqtrueqthenqtheqconclusionqmustqbeqtrue.
• Aqcounterexampleqtoqanqargumentqisqaqvaluationqthatqmakesqtheqpremisesqtrueqandqtheqconclusionq
false.
• Ifqanqargumentqhasqaqcounterexample,qitqisqinvalid.qIfqanqargumentqisqinvalid,qitqhasqatqleastqoneq
counterexample.
• Aqconsistentqvaluationqisqanqassignmentqofqtruthqvaluesqtoqatomicqpropositionsqthatqmakesqaqsetqofq
propositionsqallqtrue.qIfqitqisqnotqpossibleqtoqmakeqeachqstatementqtrue,qthenqtheqsetqisqinconsistent.



Chapter 2 Key Terms
q q q




mynursytest.store