BIOL 2051 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS NEW VERSION 2024 (FULLY SOLVED)
pathogen - Answers an organism that can cause disease
primary, opportunistic - Answers What are the two types of pathogens?
primary - Answers type of pathogen that produces disease readily in healthy hosts
Frank - Answers What's another name for a primary pathogen?
opportunistic - Answers type of pathogen that generally only causes disease when displaced due to an
unusual site or when the host has a weakened immune system
internal organs, bloodstream - Answers In general, which areas of the body should remain sterile?
brain, kidney, lungs, heart, bladder - Answers Which internal organs are meant to remain sterile?
localized, systemic - Answers What are the two different types of infections?
localized - Answers type of infection where organisms grow locally at the site of invasion
systemic - Answers type of infection where organisms spread through body using blood or lymphatic
systems
bacteria, fungi, helminths, viruses/prions, protozoa - Answers List the order of the distribution of the
1400+ human pathogens. Start with the group with the largest amount of pathogens.
avoids the immune system, able to spread before symptoms present, different modes of transmission,
array of different host, doesn't kill host - Answers What five factors make a "good" pathogen?
contact, respiratory (aerosol), fecal-oral, vector-borne, sexually - Answers What are five routes of
transmission for a pathogen?
direct, indirect - Answers What are the two types of contact that a pathogen can be transmitted via?
direct - Answers type of contact, physical interaction between infected and susceptible host
indirect - Answers type of contact, nonliving thing carries infectious agent from infected to susceptible
individual
fomite - Answers inanimate object that harbors microorganisms for transfer
intracellular, extracellular - Answers After a pathogen enters a host's body, what two environments
must it decide between?
intracellular - Answers Environment that a lot of viral pathogens choose upon entry into the host.
extracellular - Answers Environment that a lot of eukaryotic pathogens choose upon entry into the host.
,protection from host defenses, hard to selectively target with antibiotics, suppress immune system, use
cytoplasmic nutrients and/or genetic machinery, eventually must leave cell - Answers What are the
advantages and disadvantages of a pathogen choosing an intracellular environment in a host?
move freely to escape, replicate quickly, too large to be phagocytized, constant exposure to host
defenses and antibiotics - Answers What are the advantages and disadvantages of a pathogen choosing
an extracellular environment in a host?
lumen of intestine - Answers What's one location in the human body where a pathogen can move freely
to escape?
virulence - Answers the ability of a pathogen to cause disease
infectious dose - Answers the number of organisms needed to colonize a host
lethal dose - Answers the number of organisms needed to kill a host
virulent - Answers The lower that the infectious and lethal dose is of a pathogen, the more
_____________________ it is.
virulence factors - Answers anything made by a pathogen to help it cause disease
adherence, invasive, colonization, cell surface structures, toxins - Answers What are the five different
types of virulence factors?
adherence factors - Answers virulence factors that help the pathogen attach to the host cells
capsule, fimbriae/pili - Answers What are two examples of adherence factors?
capsule - Answers outer polysaccharide/water layer that aids in attachment, protects against desiccation
fimbriae/pili - Answers adherence factor that helps bacteria attach to surfaces
invasive factors - Answers virulence factors that help the pathogen to invade host tissue (penetrate the
epithelium)
hyaluronidase - Answers Some species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus can produce what enzyme
that breaks down hyaluronic acid that holds cells together?
hyaluronic acid - Answers What does hyaluronidase break down?
hemolysins - Answers What can some species of streptococcus and staphylococcus produce that aids
them in disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane of animal cells?
collagenase - Answers enzyme that breaks down collagen
clostridium sp. - Answers Which organism can produce collagenase that breaks down collagen?
,colonization factors - Answers virulence factors that help pathogen to grow within host tissue
vibrio cholerae - Answers organism that secretes a protein (TcpF) that allows colonization of the small
intestine
toxin coregulated pilus protein F - Answers What protein does vibrio cholerae secrete that allows
colonization of the small intestine?
cell surface structures - Answers virulence factors that help pathogen to avoid host's immune system
capsule - Answers What cell surface structure might an organism possess that would aid them in
escaping phagocytosis?
exotoxins, endotoxins - Answers What are the two types of toxins?
exotoxins - Answers toxins that are soluble chemicals excreted by viable pathogens
cytolytic - Answers type of toxin that causes lyses of host cell
cytolytic, A-B, entero - Answers What are the three types of exotoxins?
alpha toxin - Answers What does staphylococcus sp. secrete that messes up membrane permeability?
A-B - Answers toxins that are composed of two proteins covalently bound
B - Answers Which subunit of the A-B toxin first binds to a host cell?
A - Answers Which subunit of the A-B toxin gets transferred into the host cell to cause damage?
A - Answers Which subunit of the A-B toxins is actually the toxin?
corynebacterium diptheria - Answers Which organism produces the diphtheria and bordatella pertussis
toxins?
enterotoxins - Answers exotoxins that affect the small intestine, causing changes in intestinal
permeability that lead to diarrhea
endotoxins - Answers type of toxin, toxic bacterial structural component released upon bacterial cell
death
lipopolysaccharides - Answers The outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria contains
________________________________ that are released as endotoxins upon bacterial cell death.
gram negative - Answers Which class of bacteria contains lipopolysaccharides in its cell wall that act as
endotoxins?
age, stress, diet, lifestyle, general health - Answers What five factors can have an influence on the
chance of picking up a pathogen?
, very young, very old - Answers Which ages are most susceptible to picking up a pathogen?
low calorie, low protein - Answers What kind of diet would be conducive for picking up a pathogen?
smoking, excess alcohol, IV drugs - Answers Which three lifestyle factors increase the chance of picking
up a pathogen?
prior/concurrent disease, genetics - Answers What aspects of general health would have an impact on
an individual's chance of picking up a pathogen?
END OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS, BEGINNING OF SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS - Answers END
OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS, BEGINNING OF SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
dry, salty, slightly acidic - Answers What three factors of the skin make it difficult to colonize?
underarms, genitals - Answers Microorganisms generally prefer more moist areas of the human
body....give two examples.
sebaceous, apocrine - Answers Which two types of glands are in warm, moist areas suitable for
microbes?
sebaceous glands - Answers oil glands
apocrine glands - Answers sweat glands
transient, resident - Answers What are the two types of microbes that exist on the skin?
transient - Answers microbes that are on the skin due to daily activities, unable to multiply on dry, acidic
skin
resident - Answers microbes that reside and multiply on skin, aerobic and anaerobic, mostly gram +,
some gram - and yeast
gram+, gram-, yeast - Answers Mostly ______________ bacteria exist on the skin but there is also
________________ bacteria and some ______________ present.
weather, age, personal hygiene - Answers Which three factors affect an individual's normal flora?
temperature, moisture - Answers Which aspects of the weather would affect an individual's normal
flora?
staphylococcus aureus - Answers gram +, halotolerant bacteria that is associated with boils, food
poisoning, and impetigo
coagulase, hemolysin, leukocidin, superantigen - Answers Which virulence factors does staphylococcus
aureus produce?
coagulase - Answers enzyme produced by S. aureus, causes plasma clots
pathogen - Answers an organism that can cause disease
primary, opportunistic - Answers What are the two types of pathogens?
primary - Answers type of pathogen that produces disease readily in healthy hosts
Frank - Answers What's another name for a primary pathogen?
opportunistic - Answers type of pathogen that generally only causes disease when displaced due to an
unusual site or when the host has a weakened immune system
internal organs, bloodstream - Answers In general, which areas of the body should remain sterile?
brain, kidney, lungs, heart, bladder - Answers Which internal organs are meant to remain sterile?
localized, systemic - Answers What are the two different types of infections?
localized - Answers type of infection where organisms grow locally at the site of invasion
systemic - Answers type of infection where organisms spread through body using blood or lymphatic
systems
bacteria, fungi, helminths, viruses/prions, protozoa - Answers List the order of the distribution of the
1400+ human pathogens. Start with the group with the largest amount of pathogens.
avoids the immune system, able to spread before symptoms present, different modes of transmission,
array of different host, doesn't kill host - Answers What five factors make a "good" pathogen?
contact, respiratory (aerosol), fecal-oral, vector-borne, sexually - Answers What are five routes of
transmission for a pathogen?
direct, indirect - Answers What are the two types of contact that a pathogen can be transmitted via?
direct - Answers type of contact, physical interaction between infected and susceptible host
indirect - Answers type of contact, nonliving thing carries infectious agent from infected to susceptible
individual
fomite - Answers inanimate object that harbors microorganisms for transfer
intracellular, extracellular - Answers After a pathogen enters a host's body, what two environments
must it decide between?
intracellular - Answers Environment that a lot of viral pathogens choose upon entry into the host.
extracellular - Answers Environment that a lot of eukaryotic pathogens choose upon entry into the host.
,protection from host defenses, hard to selectively target with antibiotics, suppress immune system, use
cytoplasmic nutrients and/or genetic machinery, eventually must leave cell - Answers What are the
advantages and disadvantages of a pathogen choosing an intracellular environment in a host?
move freely to escape, replicate quickly, too large to be phagocytized, constant exposure to host
defenses and antibiotics - Answers What are the advantages and disadvantages of a pathogen choosing
an extracellular environment in a host?
lumen of intestine - Answers What's one location in the human body where a pathogen can move freely
to escape?
virulence - Answers the ability of a pathogen to cause disease
infectious dose - Answers the number of organisms needed to colonize a host
lethal dose - Answers the number of organisms needed to kill a host
virulent - Answers The lower that the infectious and lethal dose is of a pathogen, the more
_____________________ it is.
virulence factors - Answers anything made by a pathogen to help it cause disease
adherence, invasive, colonization, cell surface structures, toxins - Answers What are the five different
types of virulence factors?
adherence factors - Answers virulence factors that help the pathogen attach to the host cells
capsule, fimbriae/pili - Answers What are two examples of adherence factors?
capsule - Answers outer polysaccharide/water layer that aids in attachment, protects against desiccation
fimbriae/pili - Answers adherence factor that helps bacteria attach to surfaces
invasive factors - Answers virulence factors that help the pathogen to invade host tissue (penetrate the
epithelium)
hyaluronidase - Answers Some species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus can produce what enzyme
that breaks down hyaluronic acid that holds cells together?
hyaluronic acid - Answers What does hyaluronidase break down?
hemolysins - Answers What can some species of streptococcus and staphylococcus produce that aids
them in disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane of animal cells?
collagenase - Answers enzyme that breaks down collagen
clostridium sp. - Answers Which organism can produce collagenase that breaks down collagen?
,colonization factors - Answers virulence factors that help pathogen to grow within host tissue
vibrio cholerae - Answers organism that secretes a protein (TcpF) that allows colonization of the small
intestine
toxin coregulated pilus protein F - Answers What protein does vibrio cholerae secrete that allows
colonization of the small intestine?
cell surface structures - Answers virulence factors that help pathogen to avoid host's immune system
capsule - Answers What cell surface structure might an organism possess that would aid them in
escaping phagocytosis?
exotoxins, endotoxins - Answers What are the two types of toxins?
exotoxins - Answers toxins that are soluble chemicals excreted by viable pathogens
cytolytic - Answers type of toxin that causes lyses of host cell
cytolytic, A-B, entero - Answers What are the three types of exotoxins?
alpha toxin - Answers What does staphylococcus sp. secrete that messes up membrane permeability?
A-B - Answers toxins that are composed of two proteins covalently bound
B - Answers Which subunit of the A-B toxin first binds to a host cell?
A - Answers Which subunit of the A-B toxin gets transferred into the host cell to cause damage?
A - Answers Which subunit of the A-B toxins is actually the toxin?
corynebacterium diptheria - Answers Which organism produces the diphtheria and bordatella pertussis
toxins?
enterotoxins - Answers exotoxins that affect the small intestine, causing changes in intestinal
permeability that lead to diarrhea
endotoxins - Answers type of toxin, toxic bacterial structural component released upon bacterial cell
death
lipopolysaccharides - Answers The outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria contains
________________________________ that are released as endotoxins upon bacterial cell death.
gram negative - Answers Which class of bacteria contains lipopolysaccharides in its cell wall that act as
endotoxins?
age, stress, diet, lifestyle, general health - Answers What five factors can have an influence on the
chance of picking up a pathogen?
, very young, very old - Answers Which ages are most susceptible to picking up a pathogen?
low calorie, low protein - Answers What kind of diet would be conducive for picking up a pathogen?
smoking, excess alcohol, IV drugs - Answers Which three lifestyle factors increase the chance of picking
up a pathogen?
prior/concurrent disease, genetics - Answers What aspects of general health would have an impact on
an individual's chance of picking up a pathogen?
END OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS, BEGINNING OF SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS - Answers END
OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS, BEGINNING OF SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
dry, salty, slightly acidic - Answers What three factors of the skin make it difficult to colonize?
underarms, genitals - Answers Microorganisms generally prefer more moist areas of the human
body....give two examples.
sebaceous, apocrine - Answers Which two types of glands are in warm, moist areas suitable for
microbes?
sebaceous glands - Answers oil glands
apocrine glands - Answers sweat glands
transient, resident - Answers What are the two types of microbes that exist on the skin?
transient - Answers microbes that are on the skin due to daily activities, unable to multiply on dry, acidic
skin
resident - Answers microbes that reside and multiply on skin, aerobic and anaerobic, mostly gram +,
some gram - and yeast
gram+, gram-, yeast - Answers Mostly ______________ bacteria exist on the skin but there is also
________________ bacteria and some ______________ present.
weather, age, personal hygiene - Answers Which three factors affect an individual's normal flora?
temperature, moisture - Answers Which aspects of the weather would affect an individual's normal
flora?
staphylococcus aureus - Answers gram +, halotolerant bacteria that is associated with boils, food
poisoning, and impetigo
coagulase, hemolysin, leukocidin, superantigen - Answers Which virulence factors does staphylococcus
aureus produce?
coagulase - Answers enzyme produced by S. aureus, causes plasma clots
