NUR1212C FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE
Health Belief Model - ANSWER Belief that one may become ill leads to positive behaviors
Ex: smoking may lead to lung cancer, so the person quits smoking
Slit Lamp - ANSWER patient places chin in chin rest and ophthalmologist uses light and
microscope to examine eye
Cornea, lens, and anterior vitreous humor
Corneal Staining - ANSWER Fluorescein (dye) placed in the conjunctival sac and
outlines irregularities on the corneal surface.
Abrasions, ulcer, trauma or foreign bodies
Tonometry - ANSWER Measures IOP - puff of air in the eye
Normal range: 10-21 mm/Hg
Fluoresein Angiography - ANSWER Detailed image of eye circulation & rapidly takes
pictures
Helps assess problems of retinal circulation
Myopia - ANSWER Nearsighted (can only see near)
Light refracts BEFORE the retina
Tests: Snellen chart, tumbling E chart
Tx: contacts, glasses or laser surgery
Hyperopia - ANSWER Farsightedness (can only see far away)
Light refracts AFTER retina
Tests: Snellen & Tumbling E
Correction: Contacts, glasses, laser surgery or ocular implants
Presbyopia - ANSWER AGE-RELATED farsightedness
Cataracts - ANSWER Cloudy area in the lens of the eye
faded color, double vision, halos, trouble seeing at night
Tx: SURGERY
,Cataract Surgery - ANSWER Pre-op: Rx eye drops, arrange transportation, stop blood
thinners, no makeup, lotions or perfumes, NPO 8 hrs before
Post-op: wear a clear plastic shield, do not rub your eyes, antibiotic and
anti-inflammatory drops, do not bend down, do not lift heavy objects, avoid ANYTHING
that ^ IOP
Corneal abrasion - ANSWER Scrape or scratch on the cornea.
Caused by trauma, a foreign body, contacts, malnutrition, dry eye syndrome, and some
cancer therapies.
Tx: ASAP to avoid ulceration
Gentamicin or prednisolone drops
Laser surgery
Corneal transplant
Artificial cornea
Corneal ulceration - ANSWER Deeper injury of the cornea than an abrasion.
EMERGENCY: Cornea does not have its own blood supply.
Tx: broad spectrum antibiotics
steroids
eyedrops every hour for 24 hrs
Keratoconus - ANSWER occurs when the cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped,
causing blurring and distortion of vision
Can be inherited or due to trauma.
Tx: Surgery - Keratoplasty
Keratoplasty - ANSWER Corneal tissue is removed and replaced with tissue from a
cornea from a donor
Macular Degeneration (AMD) - ANSWER Age-related loss of area of central vision
Leading cause of blindness in 65+
Kind: Dry & Wet
Tx: Laser therapy, ocular injections using VEGFI's (growth factor inhibitors)
Prevention:
,Diet - carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin
Limit - Tobacco, sunlight exposure to eyes, BP
Diet for prevention of AMD - ANSWER Carotenoids
Lutein (corn)
Zeaxanthin (orange bell pepper)
Dry AMD - ANSWER Most common ~80%
Occurs slowly over time
No cure - focus is on slow of progression
Wet AMD - ANSWER Rapidly progressing. Proliferation of abnormal blood vessels that
leak blood and fluid into the macula.
Can result in a large blind spot in the center
Glaucoma - ANSWER Blind spot(s) due to damage/pressure to the optic nerve
**Usually effects peripheral first**
Tx: Meds to lower IOP, meds to constrict pupils to decrease production of aqueous
humor, beta blockers, alpha-adrenergic agonists
Trabeulectomy
Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) - ANSWER Most common
Painless
Slow onset
Tunnel vision
Angle-closure Glaucoma (PACG) - ANSWER Outer edge of iris blocks fluid from draining
Causes: lens/pupil dilation from meds or SNS stimulation
S/S: Pain, blurred vision, halos, ocular erythema
MEDICAL EMERGENCY
Trabeculectomy - ANSWER Allows drainage by creating an opening in the eye (could be
with a laser)
Perimetry - ANSWER Creates a MAP of your complete vision field
Gonioscopy - ANSWER Evaluate the angle where the iris meets the cornea
, Eyedrops to numb the eyes
hand-held contact lens placed on the eye to eval the angle
Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) - ANSWER Laser used to measure the nerve fiber
damage
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) - ANSWER Measures the reflection of laser light
Can create a 3D representation of the optic nerve
Eye drops - ANSWER Decrease production of aqueous humor to prevent further damage
to the optic nerve
S/E: BP drop, retinal detachment, eye color change, sunken eyes, droopy lids,
burning/stinging
Lithium is PRN
True
False - ANSWER False
Lithium is very stable and little monitoring is required
True
False - ANSWER False
Lithium is not addictive
True
False - ANSWER True
Stop taking lithium if you have diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, etc.
True
False - ANSWER True
GUIDE
Health Belief Model - ANSWER Belief that one may become ill leads to positive behaviors
Ex: smoking may lead to lung cancer, so the person quits smoking
Slit Lamp - ANSWER patient places chin in chin rest and ophthalmologist uses light and
microscope to examine eye
Cornea, lens, and anterior vitreous humor
Corneal Staining - ANSWER Fluorescein (dye) placed in the conjunctival sac and
outlines irregularities on the corneal surface.
Abrasions, ulcer, trauma or foreign bodies
Tonometry - ANSWER Measures IOP - puff of air in the eye
Normal range: 10-21 mm/Hg
Fluoresein Angiography - ANSWER Detailed image of eye circulation & rapidly takes
pictures
Helps assess problems of retinal circulation
Myopia - ANSWER Nearsighted (can only see near)
Light refracts BEFORE the retina
Tests: Snellen chart, tumbling E chart
Tx: contacts, glasses or laser surgery
Hyperopia - ANSWER Farsightedness (can only see far away)
Light refracts AFTER retina
Tests: Snellen & Tumbling E
Correction: Contacts, glasses, laser surgery or ocular implants
Presbyopia - ANSWER AGE-RELATED farsightedness
Cataracts - ANSWER Cloudy area in the lens of the eye
faded color, double vision, halos, trouble seeing at night
Tx: SURGERY
,Cataract Surgery - ANSWER Pre-op: Rx eye drops, arrange transportation, stop blood
thinners, no makeup, lotions or perfumes, NPO 8 hrs before
Post-op: wear a clear plastic shield, do not rub your eyes, antibiotic and
anti-inflammatory drops, do not bend down, do not lift heavy objects, avoid ANYTHING
that ^ IOP
Corneal abrasion - ANSWER Scrape or scratch on the cornea.
Caused by trauma, a foreign body, contacts, malnutrition, dry eye syndrome, and some
cancer therapies.
Tx: ASAP to avoid ulceration
Gentamicin or prednisolone drops
Laser surgery
Corneal transplant
Artificial cornea
Corneal ulceration - ANSWER Deeper injury of the cornea than an abrasion.
EMERGENCY: Cornea does not have its own blood supply.
Tx: broad spectrum antibiotics
steroids
eyedrops every hour for 24 hrs
Keratoconus - ANSWER occurs when the cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped,
causing blurring and distortion of vision
Can be inherited or due to trauma.
Tx: Surgery - Keratoplasty
Keratoplasty - ANSWER Corneal tissue is removed and replaced with tissue from a
cornea from a donor
Macular Degeneration (AMD) - ANSWER Age-related loss of area of central vision
Leading cause of blindness in 65+
Kind: Dry & Wet
Tx: Laser therapy, ocular injections using VEGFI's (growth factor inhibitors)
Prevention:
,Diet - carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin
Limit - Tobacco, sunlight exposure to eyes, BP
Diet for prevention of AMD - ANSWER Carotenoids
Lutein (corn)
Zeaxanthin (orange bell pepper)
Dry AMD - ANSWER Most common ~80%
Occurs slowly over time
No cure - focus is on slow of progression
Wet AMD - ANSWER Rapidly progressing. Proliferation of abnormal blood vessels that
leak blood and fluid into the macula.
Can result in a large blind spot in the center
Glaucoma - ANSWER Blind spot(s) due to damage/pressure to the optic nerve
**Usually effects peripheral first**
Tx: Meds to lower IOP, meds to constrict pupils to decrease production of aqueous
humor, beta blockers, alpha-adrenergic agonists
Trabeulectomy
Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) - ANSWER Most common
Painless
Slow onset
Tunnel vision
Angle-closure Glaucoma (PACG) - ANSWER Outer edge of iris blocks fluid from draining
Causes: lens/pupil dilation from meds or SNS stimulation
S/S: Pain, blurred vision, halos, ocular erythema
MEDICAL EMERGENCY
Trabeculectomy - ANSWER Allows drainage by creating an opening in the eye (could be
with a laser)
Perimetry - ANSWER Creates a MAP of your complete vision field
Gonioscopy - ANSWER Evaluate the angle where the iris meets the cornea
, Eyedrops to numb the eyes
hand-held contact lens placed on the eye to eval the angle
Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) - ANSWER Laser used to measure the nerve fiber
damage
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) - ANSWER Measures the reflection of laser light
Can create a 3D representation of the optic nerve
Eye drops - ANSWER Decrease production of aqueous humor to prevent further damage
to the optic nerve
S/E: BP drop, retinal detachment, eye color change, sunken eyes, droopy lids,
burning/stinging
Lithium is PRN
True
False - ANSWER False
Lithium is very stable and little monitoring is required
True
False - ANSWER False
Lithium is not addictive
True
False - ANSWER True
Stop taking lithium if you have diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, etc.
True
False - ANSWER True
