NUTR 3330 MIDTERM 1 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
100% VERIFIED
macronutrients - ANSWER - carbs, fats, proteins
- needed in gram amounts
- provide energy
micronutrients - ANSWER - vitamins and minerals
- needed in milli- or micro-gram amounts
- do not provide energy
- necessary for macronutrient production
vitamin discovery - ANSWER - term coined by Casimir Funk
- vita=life, amine= N containing
vitamin definetion - ANSWER - organic compound
- natural component of food
- essential for normal physiological function
- specific deficiency syndrome
- not synthesized by the host in amounts adequate to meet normal physiological needs
types of vitamins - ANSWER - 14
- B vitamins (8)
- choline
- C, D, E, K, A
,what is Beta Carotene? - ANSWER - Precursor to vitamin A, "pro-vitamin A"
- carotenoid
- orange/yellow colour
- non-toxic; often used in multi vit supp.
How are vitamins classified? - ANSWER By solubility: fat and water.
water soluble vitamins? - ANSWER - vitamins B and C
- dissolve in H2O (hydrophilic)
- cannot be stored, daily supply needed
- move directly into blood; travel freely
- easily taken up & released by tissues
- excess amts excreted in urine
fat soluble vitamins? - ANSWER - Vitamins A, D, E, K
- cannot dissolve in H2O (hydrophobic)
- dissolve in dietary and body fat
- enter blood via lymph; need transport proteins
- can be stored (liver & body fat) daily supp. not v imp
- ^ concern with excess intake
how are vitamins organic? - ANSWER - contain carbon
- easily destroyed
- must be handled w care during storage & cooking especially:
> long heating destroys thiamin
> UV light destroys riboflavin
, > O2 destroys vit C
metabolic functions of vitamins? - ANSWER - each performs specific function
> some by 1, some by multiple
- knowledge of normal function gives understanding of deficiency
general functions of vitamins? - ANSWER - coenzymes, intermediary pathways
propelled by enzymes that need these
> B vits, A, K, C
- H/e- acceptor/donors
> B vits, C, E, K
- hormones
>D
bioavailability? - ANSWER - rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
- depends on 2 factors
> amt in food
> amt absorbed and used by body (depends on age, obesity, genetics etc.)
what are minerals? - ANSWER - 90 exist
- 22 are essential
- inorganic
- retain chemical identity
- never converted to something else
- absorption issues
> low bioavailability
> bind to other compounds (phytate, oxalate, tannins)
100% VERIFIED
macronutrients - ANSWER - carbs, fats, proteins
- needed in gram amounts
- provide energy
micronutrients - ANSWER - vitamins and minerals
- needed in milli- or micro-gram amounts
- do not provide energy
- necessary for macronutrient production
vitamin discovery - ANSWER - term coined by Casimir Funk
- vita=life, amine= N containing
vitamin definetion - ANSWER - organic compound
- natural component of food
- essential for normal physiological function
- specific deficiency syndrome
- not synthesized by the host in amounts adequate to meet normal physiological needs
types of vitamins - ANSWER - 14
- B vitamins (8)
- choline
- C, D, E, K, A
,what is Beta Carotene? - ANSWER - Precursor to vitamin A, "pro-vitamin A"
- carotenoid
- orange/yellow colour
- non-toxic; often used in multi vit supp.
How are vitamins classified? - ANSWER By solubility: fat and water.
water soluble vitamins? - ANSWER - vitamins B and C
- dissolve in H2O (hydrophilic)
- cannot be stored, daily supply needed
- move directly into blood; travel freely
- easily taken up & released by tissues
- excess amts excreted in urine
fat soluble vitamins? - ANSWER - Vitamins A, D, E, K
- cannot dissolve in H2O (hydrophobic)
- dissolve in dietary and body fat
- enter blood via lymph; need transport proteins
- can be stored (liver & body fat) daily supp. not v imp
- ^ concern with excess intake
how are vitamins organic? - ANSWER - contain carbon
- easily destroyed
- must be handled w care during storage & cooking especially:
> long heating destroys thiamin
> UV light destroys riboflavin
, > O2 destroys vit C
metabolic functions of vitamins? - ANSWER - each performs specific function
> some by 1, some by multiple
- knowledge of normal function gives understanding of deficiency
general functions of vitamins? - ANSWER - coenzymes, intermediary pathways
propelled by enzymes that need these
> B vits, A, K, C
- H/e- acceptor/donors
> B vits, C, E, K
- hormones
>D
bioavailability? - ANSWER - rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
- depends on 2 factors
> amt in food
> amt absorbed and used by body (depends on age, obesity, genetics etc.)
what are minerals? - ANSWER - 90 exist
- 22 are essential
- inorganic
- retain chemical identity
- never converted to something else
- absorption issues
> low bioavailability
> bind to other compounds (phytate, oxalate, tannins)
