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IvyTech APHY 102 Midterm Exam 2025
What is a hormone and how does it act? - (answers)Hormones are chemical messengers that are
responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific
actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular
hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions - (answers)A control
mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
What is paracrine? - (answers)A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the same
tissue.
What is autocrine? - (answers)Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to remind
yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland - (answers)glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
What is the exocrine gland? - (answers)Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto
surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - (answers)Pituitary Gland-In
the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - (answers)Sex hormones and adrenal
cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or
, 2
nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote
transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis.
Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - (answers)Amines, proteins,
peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body
fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its
target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in cell's membrane.
Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.
Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland - (answers)The anterior
pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body and
connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the posterior pituitary remains
connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to
and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion - (answers)Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones? - (answers)hormones that have other endocrine glands as their
targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are their target
organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body? - (answers)Anterior Pituitary
hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- control
growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and stimulate
production of sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone (GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge and
more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion of sex hormones in both
genders and allows release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk
IvyTech APHY 102 Midterm Exam 2025
What is a hormone and how does it act? - (answers)Hormones are chemical messengers that are
responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific
actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular
hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions - (answers)A control
mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
What is paracrine? - (answers)A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the same
tissue.
What is autocrine? - (answers)Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to remind
yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland - (answers)glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
What is the exocrine gland? - (answers)Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto
surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - (answers)Pituitary Gland-In
the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - (answers)Sex hormones and adrenal
cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or
, 2
nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote
transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis.
Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - (answers)Amines, proteins,
peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body
fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its
target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in cell's membrane.
Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.
Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland - (answers)The anterior
pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body and
connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the posterior pituitary remains
connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to
and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion - (answers)Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones? - (answers)hormones that have other endocrine glands as their
targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are their target
organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body? - (answers)Anterior Pituitary
hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- control
growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and stimulate
production of sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone (GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge and
more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion of sex hormones in both
genders and allows release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk
