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PSYC 100 Final Exam Study Guide.
Communication - Answers✔information exchanged between the sender and receiver that is mutually
understood
language - Answers✔a socially agreed upon, rule governed system of arbitrary symbols that can be
combined in different ways to communicate ideas and feelings about the present time and place and
other times and places, real or imagined
semanticity - Answers✔language conveys meaning
generatively - Answers✔the ability to combine words or symbols of language using rules of composition
and syntax to communicate a nearly infinite variety of ideas using a relatively small vocabulary
displacement - Answers✔refers to the ability to use language to convey messages that are not tied to
the immediate context
phonology - Answers✔rules governing patterns of sounds used in a language: which sounds are used
and how they are combined
phoneme - Answers✔the basic distinctive speech sounds in a language the distinguish two words
morpheme - Answers✔combination sof phonemes and the smallest units of meaning in a language
free morpheme - Answers✔meaningful on their own, can stand alone as words
bound morphemes - Answers✔only meaningful when combined with other morphemes to form words
semantics - Answers✔refers to the meanings of word
syntax - Answers✔grammatical rules of language for combining words to form phrases, clauses,
sentences
pragmatics - Answers✔social rules of language
articulators - Answers✔Mouth structures that make speech sounds (jaw, tongue, lips, and soft palate).
coarticulation - Answers✔speech sounds for words are not produced individually
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
categorical perception - Answers✔The tendency of perceivers to disregard physical differences between
stimuli and perceive them as the same, such that a continuous change in a physical attribute is
perceived not as continuous, but as a discrete change at a category boundary.
written language - Answers✔a visual symbol imposed on top of an auditory symbol system
infant directed talk - Answers✔the distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies
and very young children
language development: crying - Answers✔0-2 months, only means of verbal communication
language development: cooing - Answers✔~2 months, starting to make speech like sounds like drawn
out vowels, smacking lips
language development: babbling - Answers✔~7 months, mixing consonants and vowel sounds like
"bababa"
language development: words - Answers✔10-15 months, infants acquire first words + language
gradually without any clear divisions between speech and non-speech, they're just sounds confirmed by
parent
language development: vocabulary spurt - Answers✔18 months, they know about 50 words, this is a
period of strong language growth in children, they can learn and use large number of words
language development: telegraphic speech - Answers✔sounds like a telegram, only essential words in
pairs to make sense e.g. "I hungry", "more juice"
language development: 5-6 years - Answers✔full grammatical sentences, about 10,000 words, can hold
conversations
nativism - Answers✔Philosophical view that were born with knowledge already present
interactionist - Answers✔langue development results from interaction among multiple biological and
social influences
multilingualism - Answers✔societies in which two or more languages are in common use
grammer - Answers✔property emerging from complexity of growing vocabulary, not biologically
endowed universally: size of vocabulary correlates with complexity of grammatical
language is a social process - Answers✔humans are social creatures and our environment is based on
language and therefore helps language development
sensitive periods - Answers✔time periods when specific skills develop most easily
nicaraguan sign language - Answers✔improved language, deaf children were brought together and put
together a language of their own based on gestures they used to communicate, young children who
entered thereafter quickly mastered the sign language
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Washoe - Answers✔The Chimp that was taught sign language by the Gardners
Kanzi - Answers✔A bonobo who received linguistic attention and consequently developed a remarkable
ability to communicate using lexigrams and to understand spoken English.
differential approach - Answers✔a method of understanding behavior by focusing on individual
differences and abilities
factor analysis - Answers✔a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors)
on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
binet-simon test - Answers✔a mental age test that compared your score to the score of an average child
of that age, used to rank children
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - Answers✔the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test;
contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
stanford-binet scale - Answers✔lewis German introduced ratio intelligence quotient (IQ)
Deviation IQ - Answers✔a statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of
people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100
broca's aphasia - Answers✔a condition characterized by severe impairments In producing speech/
saying desired words (frontal lobe)
Wernicke's aphasia (fluent aphasia) - Answers✔is associated with problems producing and
understanding words that do not relate to grammar (temporal lobe)
phonetic reading - Answers✔reading by decoding the phonetic significance of letter strings; "sound
reading"
whole-word reading - Answers✔reading by recognizing a word as a whole; "sight reading"
surface dyslexia - Answers✔people confuse the visual shapes of letters e.g. b is confused with d
phonological dyslexia - Answers✔people understand the word but can't sound it out
direct dyslexia - Answers✔individual can read words but they can't understand the meaning of the
words they're reading
nativist theory - Answers✔the ability to learn language is innate, based on genetic san support the
nature argument
behaviourist theory - Answers✔individuals learn langue through trial and error and teaching through
their environment
interactionist theory - Answers✔a combination of nativist and behavioural theories. it suggest that
language is a mixture of innate and environmental
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PSYC 100 Final Exam Study Guide.
Communication - Answers✔information exchanged between the sender and receiver that is mutually
understood
language - Answers✔a socially agreed upon, rule governed system of arbitrary symbols that can be
combined in different ways to communicate ideas and feelings about the present time and place and
other times and places, real or imagined
semanticity - Answers✔language conveys meaning
generatively - Answers✔the ability to combine words or symbols of language using rules of composition
and syntax to communicate a nearly infinite variety of ideas using a relatively small vocabulary
displacement - Answers✔refers to the ability to use language to convey messages that are not tied to
the immediate context
phonology - Answers✔rules governing patterns of sounds used in a language: which sounds are used
and how they are combined
phoneme - Answers✔the basic distinctive speech sounds in a language the distinguish two words
morpheme - Answers✔combination sof phonemes and the smallest units of meaning in a language
free morpheme - Answers✔meaningful on their own, can stand alone as words
bound morphemes - Answers✔only meaningful when combined with other morphemes to form words
semantics - Answers✔refers to the meanings of word
syntax - Answers✔grammatical rules of language for combining words to form phrases, clauses,
sentences
pragmatics - Answers✔social rules of language
articulators - Answers✔Mouth structures that make speech sounds (jaw, tongue, lips, and soft palate).
coarticulation - Answers✔speech sounds for words are not produced individually
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
categorical perception - Answers✔The tendency of perceivers to disregard physical differences between
stimuli and perceive them as the same, such that a continuous change in a physical attribute is
perceived not as continuous, but as a discrete change at a category boundary.
written language - Answers✔a visual symbol imposed on top of an auditory symbol system
infant directed talk - Answers✔the distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies
and very young children
language development: crying - Answers✔0-2 months, only means of verbal communication
language development: cooing - Answers✔~2 months, starting to make speech like sounds like drawn
out vowels, smacking lips
language development: babbling - Answers✔~7 months, mixing consonants and vowel sounds like
"bababa"
language development: words - Answers✔10-15 months, infants acquire first words + language
gradually without any clear divisions between speech and non-speech, they're just sounds confirmed by
parent
language development: vocabulary spurt - Answers✔18 months, they know about 50 words, this is a
period of strong language growth in children, they can learn and use large number of words
language development: telegraphic speech - Answers✔sounds like a telegram, only essential words in
pairs to make sense e.g. "I hungry", "more juice"
language development: 5-6 years - Answers✔full grammatical sentences, about 10,000 words, can hold
conversations
nativism - Answers✔Philosophical view that were born with knowledge already present
interactionist - Answers✔langue development results from interaction among multiple biological and
social influences
multilingualism - Answers✔societies in which two or more languages are in common use
grammer - Answers✔property emerging from complexity of growing vocabulary, not biologically
endowed universally: size of vocabulary correlates with complexity of grammatical
language is a social process - Answers✔humans are social creatures and our environment is based on
language and therefore helps language development
sensitive periods - Answers✔time periods when specific skills develop most easily
nicaraguan sign language - Answers✔improved language, deaf children were brought together and put
together a language of their own based on gestures they used to communicate, young children who
entered thereafter quickly mastered the sign language
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Washoe - Answers✔The Chimp that was taught sign language by the Gardners
Kanzi - Answers✔A bonobo who received linguistic attention and consequently developed a remarkable
ability to communicate using lexigrams and to understand spoken English.
differential approach - Answers✔a method of understanding behavior by focusing on individual
differences and abilities
factor analysis - Answers✔a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors)
on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
binet-simon test - Answers✔a mental age test that compared your score to the score of an average child
of that age, used to rank children
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - Answers✔the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test;
contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
stanford-binet scale - Answers✔lewis German introduced ratio intelligence quotient (IQ)
Deviation IQ - Answers✔a statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of
people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100
broca's aphasia - Answers✔a condition characterized by severe impairments In producing speech/
saying desired words (frontal lobe)
Wernicke's aphasia (fluent aphasia) - Answers✔is associated with problems producing and
understanding words that do not relate to grammar (temporal lobe)
phonetic reading - Answers✔reading by decoding the phonetic significance of letter strings; "sound
reading"
whole-word reading - Answers✔reading by recognizing a word as a whole; "sight reading"
surface dyslexia - Answers✔people confuse the visual shapes of letters e.g. b is confused with d
phonological dyslexia - Answers✔people understand the word but can't sound it out
direct dyslexia - Answers✔individual can read words but they can't understand the meaning of the
words they're reading
nativist theory - Answers✔the ability to learn language is innate, based on genetic san support the
nature argument
behaviourist theory - Answers✔individuals learn langue through trial and error and teaching through
their environment
interactionist theory - Answers✔a combination of nativist and behavioural theories. it suggest that
language is a mixture of innate and environmental
