MCB4934 Exam 1 With Complete
Solution
Antimicrobial Resistance - ANSWER aka AMR; the ability of a microbe (e.g. bacteria,
viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (e.g. AB, (antivirals) AV, and
antimalarials) from working against it. Thus standard treatments become ineffective,
inf.s persist and may spread to others.
Antibiotics kill: - ANSWER bacteria or inhibit their growth. some bacteria develop
resistance to their Maker and proceed to grow in their presence e.g. MRSA
Antivirals block: - ANSWER viruses/viral replications; certain influenza therapeutics or
prophylactics (e.g. vaccines) lose effectiveness as virus mutates thus constant need for
redevelopment of treatment
Antifungals either inhibit or kill: - ANSWER fungus; e.g. Candida are opportunistic
pathogens which became the leading cause of healthcare associated bloodstream inf in
US hospitals
Antiparasitics target: - ANSWER parasites; e.g. malaria
Pesticides control invasive or disease carrying: - ANSWER pests
Herbicides are used in agriculture to control: - ANSWER weed growth that interferes w/
crop growth
even cancer can develop resistance to: - ANSWER chemotherapy
Development of Reistance - ANSWER 1. in a pop of germs, few are drug resistant
2. ABs kill susceptible bacteria causing illness and good bacteria protecting the body
from inf; but not the resistant ones
3. drug resistant bacteria grow and take over
4. some bacteria give their drug resistance to other bacteria
AMR infections and death - ANSWER most AMR related deaths happen in healthcare
settings
community acquired inf - ANSWER inf acquired from a communal setting e.g. gym, pool,
subway
hospital acquired inf - ANSWER aka nosocomial inf; acquired in a healthcare setting
AMR resistance each year - ANSWER linear trend showing # of bacterial inf has
remained constant (~14M/year) but the # of ABR inf has been constantly inc
, AMR consequences - ANSWER 1. higher medical costs: additional AB prescriptions
prolonged hospitalizations, specializations
2. inc mortality
AMR problem: - ANSWER AMR microbes constantly spread and new resistance mech.s
evolve, yet further development of novel ABs are on dec, and eventually cease
AB take an average of ____ years from introduction to resistance of a new AB - ANSWER
8; but most AB took less than 5 years for ABR
AMR Timeline: Dark Ages - ANSWER antiseptic techniques not used; disease ridden
AMR Timeline: 1940's - ANSWER Semmelweis introduced handwashing; prevented labor
deaths
AMR Timeline: Primordial - ANSWER sulfa drugs, penicilin
AMR Timeline: Golden Age - ANSWER discovery of all major classes of AB
AMR Timeline: Pharmacological - ANSWER dosing, administration
AMR Timeline: Biochemical - ANSWER improved efficacy of treatment
AMR Timeline: Target - ANSWER target based AB
AMR Timeline: Genomic HTS - ANSWER used to predict targets and employ large scale
screens for novel AB
AB usage in healthcare - ANSWER Lack of antibiotics, poor sanitation, inadequate
infection controls
ABR in Agriculture - ANSWER inc in global pop >> inc in food demand >> inc animal
farming >> inc risk of transmissible disease occurring >> inc use of AB >> inc ABR
but low [AB] inc ABR too e.g. in consuming food/animals that's been fed ABs
AB in farming: - ANSWER used as growth promoters: AB known to inc animal weight
thus more meat to eat
used as inf control:
FDA approves use of AB on poultry, pork, beed for growth promotion/industrial farms
since - ANSWER 1951
Use of AB in animals - ANSWER is the leading cause of ABR crisis; but due to profit loss
from animal companies and uncontrolled access to AB online makes it easy to access
and use AB for anything
Ways to reduce AB use - ANSWER 1. enforce global reg.s to cap AB use
Solution
Antimicrobial Resistance - ANSWER aka AMR; the ability of a microbe (e.g. bacteria,
viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (e.g. AB, (antivirals) AV, and
antimalarials) from working against it. Thus standard treatments become ineffective,
inf.s persist and may spread to others.
Antibiotics kill: - ANSWER bacteria or inhibit their growth. some bacteria develop
resistance to their Maker and proceed to grow in their presence e.g. MRSA
Antivirals block: - ANSWER viruses/viral replications; certain influenza therapeutics or
prophylactics (e.g. vaccines) lose effectiveness as virus mutates thus constant need for
redevelopment of treatment
Antifungals either inhibit or kill: - ANSWER fungus; e.g. Candida are opportunistic
pathogens which became the leading cause of healthcare associated bloodstream inf in
US hospitals
Antiparasitics target: - ANSWER parasites; e.g. malaria
Pesticides control invasive or disease carrying: - ANSWER pests
Herbicides are used in agriculture to control: - ANSWER weed growth that interferes w/
crop growth
even cancer can develop resistance to: - ANSWER chemotherapy
Development of Reistance - ANSWER 1. in a pop of germs, few are drug resistant
2. ABs kill susceptible bacteria causing illness and good bacteria protecting the body
from inf; but not the resistant ones
3. drug resistant bacteria grow and take over
4. some bacteria give their drug resistance to other bacteria
AMR infections and death - ANSWER most AMR related deaths happen in healthcare
settings
community acquired inf - ANSWER inf acquired from a communal setting e.g. gym, pool,
subway
hospital acquired inf - ANSWER aka nosocomial inf; acquired in a healthcare setting
AMR resistance each year - ANSWER linear trend showing # of bacterial inf has
remained constant (~14M/year) but the # of ABR inf has been constantly inc
, AMR consequences - ANSWER 1. higher medical costs: additional AB prescriptions
prolonged hospitalizations, specializations
2. inc mortality
AMR problem: - ANSWER AMR microbes constantly spread and new resistance mech.s
evolve, yet further development of novel ABs are on dec, and eventually cease
AB take an average of ____ years from introduction to resistance of a new AB - ANSWER
8; but most AB took less than 5 years for ABR
AMR Timeline: Dark Ages - ANSWER antiseptic techniques not used; disease ridden
AMR Timeline: 1940's - ANSWER Semmelweis introduced handwashing; prevented labor
deaths
AMR Timeline: Primordial - ANSWER sulfa drugs, penicilin
AMR Timeline: Golden Age - ANSWER discovery of all major classes of AB
AMR Timeline: Pharmacological - ANSWER dosing, administration
AMR Timeline: Biochemical - ANSWER improved efficacy of treatment
AMR Timeline: Target - ANSWER target based AB
AMR Timeline: Genomic HTS - ANSWER used to predict targets and employ large scale
screens for novel AB
AB usage in healthcare - ANSWER Lack of antibiotics, poor sanitation, inadequate
infection controls
ABR in Agriculture - ANSWER inc in global pop >> inc in food demand >> inc animal
farming >> inc risk of transmissible disease occurring >> inc use of AB >> inc ABR
but low [AB] inc ABR too e.g. in consuming food/animals that's been fed ABs
AB in farming: - ANSWER used as growth promoters: AB known to inc animal weight
thus more meat to eat
used as inf control:
FDA approves use of AB on poultry, pork, beed for growth promotion/industrial farms
since - ANSWER 1951
Use of AB in animals - ANSWER is the leading cause of ABR crisis; but due to profit loss
from animal companies and uncontrolled access to AB online makes it easy to access
and use AB for anything
Ways to reduce AB use - ANSWER 1. enforce global reg.s to cap AB use
