MCB4403 Chapter 16 & 19 Exam
Study Guide
External electron acceptors - ANSWER Molecules like oxygen, nitrate, TMAO used in
respiration.
Nitrogen limitation - ANSWER Insufficient nitrogen affecting metabolic processes.
Phosphate limitation - ANSWER Insufficient phosphate impacting cellular functions.
Extracytoplasmic stress - ANSWER Stress from heat or chemicals denaturing proteins.
Heat shock - ANSWER Response to elevated temperatures affecting protein stability.
Cold shock - ANSWER Response to low temperatures affecting cellular processes.
Osmotic shock - ANSWER Response to changes in solute concentration affecting cells.
Aerobic respiration - ANSWER Energy production using oxygen as electron acceptor.
Anaerobic respiration - ANSWER Energy production without oxygen, using alternative
acceptors.
Arc System - ANSWER Regulates switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
ArcB - ANSWER Histidine protein kinase involved in oxygen sensing.
ArcA - ANSWER Response regulator activating anaerobic gene expression.
Fumarate Nitrate Reduction (FNR) - ANSWER Regulates genes for anaerobic respiration
with nitrate.
Nar System - ANSWER Regulates transcription of genes for nitrate reduction.
FhlA - ANSWER Transcriptional regulator activating formate hydrogen lyase genes.
Glutamine synthetase (GS) - ANSWER Enzyme synthesizing glutamine from glutamate
and ammonia.
Nitrogenase - ANSWER Enzyme complex converting nitrogen gas to ammonia.
Amt ammonium transporters - ANSWER Transport proteins for high-affinity ammonium
uptake.
Transposon mutagenesis - ANSWER Technique for identifying gene functions via
mutations.
Posttranslational modification - ANSWER Chemical changes to proteins after synthesis
Study Guide
External electron acceptors - ANSWER Molecules like oxygen, nitrate, TMAO used in
respiration.
Nitrogen limitation - ANSWER Insufficient nitrogen affecting metabolic processes.
Phosphate limitation - ANSWER Insufficient phosphate impacting cellular functions.
Extracytoplasmic stress - ANSWER Stress from heat or chemicals denaturing proteins.
Heat shock - ANSWER Response to elevated temperatures affecting protein stability.
Cold shock - ANSWER Response to low temperatures affecting cellular processes.
Osmotic shock - ANSWER Response to changes in solute concentration affecting cells.
Aerobic respiration - ANSWER Energy production using oxygen as electron acceptor.
Anaerobic respiration - ANSWER Energy production without oxygen, using alternative
acceptors.
Arc System - ANSWER Regulates switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
ArcB - ANSWER Histidine protein kinase involved in oxygen sensing.
ArcA - ANSWER Response regulator activating anaerobic gene expression.
Fumarate Nitrate Reduction (FNR) - ANSWER Regulates genes for anaerobic respiration
with nitrate.
Nar System - ANSWER Regulates transcription of genes for nitrate reduction.
FhlA - ANSWER Transcriptional regulator activating formate hydrogen lyase genes.
Glutamine synthetase (GS) - ANSWER Enzyme synthesizing glutamine from glutamate
and ammonia.
Nitrogenase - ANSWER Enzyme complex converting nitrogen gas to ammonia.
Amt ammonium transporters - ANSWER Transport proteins for high-affinity ammonium
uptake.
Transposon mutagenesis - ANSWER Technique for identifying gene functions via
mutations.
Posttranslational modification - ANSWER Chemical changes to proteins after synthesis
