Solution Manual for V V
Statistics for Nursing Res
V V V x
earch A Workbook for Evi
V V V V
dence-
x
Based Practice 3rd Editio
x V V V x
n Susan Grove Daisha
V V V
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
Thex questionsx arex inx boldx followedx byx answers.
1. InxTablex1,xidentifyxthexlevelx ofx measurementx forxxthexxcurrentxxtherapyxxvariable.xx Prxovidex
axrationale x forx yourx answer.
Answer:xThexcurrentx therapyxxvariablexwasxmeasuredxxatxxthexxnominalx level.xThesexdrugx cxate
goriesxwerexprobablyxdevelopedxtoxbexexhaustivexforxthisxstudyxxandxxincludedxxthexxcatexgoriesx
ofxdrugsxthexsubjectsxwerexxreceiving.xxHowever,xxthexxcategoriesxxarexxnotxxexclusive,xsincexpati
entsx arexusuallyxonx morexthanxonexx categoryxx ofxxthesexx drugsxxtoxxmanagexxtheirxx hxealthx proble
ms.x Thexcurrentxtherapiesx arex notx measuredx atx thex ordinalx levelx becausex theyxcannotxbexran
kxxordered,xxsincexxnoxxdrugxxcategoryxxcanxxbexxconsideredxxmorexxorxxlessxxbenefixcialx thanx anoth
erx drugx categoryx (seex Figurex 1-1;x Grovex &x Gray,x 2019).
2. Whatxisxthex modexforxthexcurrentxxtherapyxxvariablexxinxxthisxxstudy?xx Providexxaxxratioxnalex
forx yourx answer.
Answer:x Thex modex forx currentx therapyx wasx βx blocker.x Ax totalx ofx 100x (94%)x ofx thex cardiacx patiexnts
werex receivingx thisx categoryx ofxx drug,xx whichxx wasxx thexx mostxx commonxx prescribedxx drugxx forxx txhisx
sample.
3. Whatxstatisticsxwerex conductedxxtoxdescribexthex BMIxofxthexxcardiacxpatientsxinx thisxsampl
e?xDiscussxwhetherxthesexxanalysisxxtechniquesxxwerexxappropriatexxorxxinapproprixate.
Answer:xBMIxwasxdescribedxwithxaxmeanxandxstandardxdeviationx(SD).xBMIxmeasurementxresult
edxinxratio-
levelxdataxwithxcontinuousxvaluesxandxanxxabsolutexxzeroxx(Stonexx&xxFrazier,xx2017).xxRatio-
xlevelxdata xxshould xxbexxanalyzed xxwithxxparametric xxstatistics xxsuch xxasxxthexxmeanxxandxxSDx(Groxve
x & xxGray, x 2017;x Knapp, x 2017).
4. Researchersxusedxthexfollowingxitemxtoxmeasurexregisteredxnurses’x(RNs)x incomex inx axstudy:
x Whatx categoryxidentifiesx yourx currentxincomex asxanx RN?
a.x Lessx thanx $50,000
b.x $50,000 to 59,999
c.x $60,000 to 69,999
d.x $70,000 to 80,000
e.x $80,000 or greater
Whatxlevelxofxx measurementxxisxxthisxxincomexxvariable?xx Doesxxthexxincomexxvariablexxfolloxwx
thexrulesx outlinedxinxFigurex 1-1?x Providexax rationalex forx yourx answer.
Answer:x Inxthisxexample,xthexincomexvariablexisxmeasuredxatxthexordinalx level.x Thex incomexcatego-
riesx arex exhaustive,x rangingx fromx lessx thanx $50,000x tox greaterx thanx $80,000.x Thex twox opxen-ended
,AGx 1-1
, AGx 1-2 Answerx Guidelinesx forx Questionsx tox Bex Graded
categoriesx ensurex thatx allx salaryx levelsx arex covered.x Thex categoriesx arex notx exclusive,x sincxe
x catego-
riesxx(d)xx andxx(e)xx includexx anxx $80,000xx salary,xxsoxxstudyxx participantsxx makingxx $80,000xx mighxtx
markxeitherx(d)x orxx(e)xx orxx bothxx categories,xx resultingxx inxxerroneousxx data.xx Categoryxx(e)xx cxouldx
bexchangedxx toxxgreaterxxthanxx $80,000,xx makingxxthexx categoriesxx exclusive.xxThexxcategorxiesx canx
x bexxrankxx orderedxxfrom xx thexxlowestxx salaryxx toxxthexx highestxx salary, xx whichxx isxx consiste xntx withx or
dinalx datax (Grovex &x Gray,x 2019;x Waltzx etx al.,x 2017).
5. Whatx levelx ofx measurementx isx thex CDSx score?x Provide x ax rationalex forx yourx answer.x
Answer:x Thexx CDSxxscorexxisxx atxxthexxintervalxxlevelxx ofxx measurement.xx Thexx CDSxx isxx axx 26-
xitem xx Likert xx scale xxdeveloped xx toxx measure xx depression xx inxx cardiac xx patients. xx Studyxx participantxs
x ratedx theirx symp-
tomsx onx axscalex ofx 1xtox7,x withx higherx numbersx indicatingx increasedx severityxinxthexdepressi
onx symptoms.x Thextotalx scoresxforx eachxsubjectx obtainedxfromxthisx multi-
itemxscalexxarexxconsideredxxtoxxbexxatxxthexxintervalxxlevelxx ofxx measurementxx(Grayxxetxxal.,xx 2017
;x Waltzxxetxx al.,xx2017).
5.xWerexnonparametric xorxparametricxanalysisxtechniquesxxusedxxtoxxanalyzexxthexxCDSxxscxo
resx forxthexcardiacx patientsxinxthisxstudy?x Providex axrationalexxforxxyourxxanswer.xAnswe
r:x Parametricx statistics,xsuchxasxmeanxandxxSD,xxwerexx conductedxxtoxx describexx CDSxscores
forx studyx participantsx (seex Tablex 1).x CDSx scoresx arex interval-
levelxdataxasxindicatedxinxQuestionsxx5,xxsoxxparametricxxstatisticsxxarexxappropriatexxforxxthisxxlexve
lx ofx datax (Grayx etx al.,x 2017;x Kimx &x Mallory,x 2017).
7. Isxthex prevalencexofx depressionxlinkedxtoxthexNYHAxclass?x Discussxthexclinicalximxportanc
ex ofx thisx result.
Answer:x Thexstudyxxnarrativexxindicatedxxthatxx thexx prevalencexxofxx depressionxx increasedxxwithxthe
x greaterx NYHA x class. x In x NYHAx class x III, x 64% x ofx thex subjects x werex depressed,x wherexasx 1
1%x ofx thexsubjectsx werex depressedx inx NYHAx classx I.x Thus,x asx thex NYHAx classx incrxeased,
x thex numberx of x sub-
jectsx withx depressionx increased.x Thisx isx anx expectedx findingx becausex asx thex NYHAx classxincr
eases,x cardiacx patientsx havex morex severex physicalx symptoms,x whichx usuallyx resultx inxemotion
alx distress,x suchx asx depression.x Nursesx needx tox activelyx assessx cardiacx patientsx forxdepression,x e
speciallyx thosex inx higherx NYHAx classes,x sox theyx mightx bex diagnosedxxxandxtreatedx asx need
ed.
8. Whatxfrequencyxandxpercentxxofxxcardiacxxpatientsxxinxxthisxxstudyxxwerexxnotxxbeingxxtreaxted
xwith xan xantidepressant? xShow xyour xcalculations xand xround xyour xanswer xtoxxthe xnearestx w
holex percentx (%).
Answer:x Ax totalx ofx 106x cardiacx patientsx participatedx inxx thisxx study.xx Thexx samplexx incxluded
15xxpatientsxxwhoxxwerexxreceivingxxxanxxxantidepressantxxx(seexxxTablexxx1).xxxThexxxnumbxerx
ofx cardiacx patientsx notx treatedx forx depressionx wasx 91x (106x –
15x =x 91).x Thex groupx percentx isx calculatedxx byxx thexx followingxx formula:xx (groupxx frequxency
x ÷x totalx sample xx size) xx ×x 100%. xx For xx thisxx study, xx(91xx patients xx ÷x 106xx samplexx sizxe) xx×x1
00%xx=x0.858xx×x100%xxx=x85.8%xxx=x86%.xxxThexxxfinalxxanswerxxxisxxxroundedxxxtoxxxtxhexx nearestx
x wholexx percent xx asxx directedxx inxx thexx question. xx Youxx couldxx have xx alsoxx subtracte xdx thexx 14% xx o
fxx patientsxxtreatedxx withxxantidepressantsxxfromxx 100%xxandxx obtainedxxthexx 86%xwhox werex notx tre
atedx withx anx antidepressant.
t.x Whatxx wasxxthexx purposexxofxxthexx5-
minutex walkxxtestxx(5MWT)?xx Wouldxxthexx5MWTxx bexx usefulxxinxxclinicalxx practice?
Answer:x Hax etxxal.x (2018)x stated,x “Thex 6-
minx walkx testx (6MWT)xisx axxmeasurexxofx thex submaximal,xxsteady-
statexfunctionalx capacity”x ofx cardiacx patients.x Thisxtestx wouldxbexax quick,x easyx wayxxtoxdeter
minex ax cardiacx patient’sx functionalx statusx inx ax clinicalxx setting.xx Thisxx functionalxstatusx
scorex couldx bex usedx tox determinex thex treatmentx planx tox promotex orx maintain
Statistics for Nursing Res
V V V x
earch A Workbook for Evi
V V V V
dence-
x
Based Practice 3rd Editio
x V V V x
n Susan Grove Daisha
V V V
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
Thex questionsx arex inx boldx followedx byx answers.
1. InxTablex1,xidentifyxthexlevelx ofx measurementx forxxthexxcurrentxxtherapyxxvariable.xx Prxovidex
axrationale x forx yourx answer.
Answer:xThexcurrentx therapyxxvariablexwasxmeasuredxxatxxthexxnominalx level.xThesexdrugx cxate
goriesxwerexprobablyxdevelopedxtoxbexexhaustivexforxthisxstudyxxandxxincludedxxthexxcatexgoriesx
ofxdrugsxthexsubjectsxwerexxreceiving.xxHowever,xxthexxcategoriesxxarexxnotxxexclusive,xsincexpati
entsx arexusuallyxonx morexthanxonexx categoryxx ofxxthesexx drugsxxtoxxmanagexxtheirxx hxealthx proble
ms.x Thexcurrentxtherapiesx arex notx measuredx atx thex ordinalx levelx becausex theyxcannotxbexran
kxxordered,xxsincexxnoxxdrugxxcategoryxxcanxxbexxconsideredxxmorexxorxxlessxxbenefixcialx thanx anoth
erx drugx categoryx (seex Figurex 1-1;x Grovex &x Gray,x 2019).
2. Whatxisxthex modexforxthexcurrentxxtherapyxxvariablexxinxxthisxxstudy?xx Providexxaxxratioxnalex
forx yourx answer.
Answer:x Thex modex forx currentx therapyx wasx βx blocker.x Ax totalx ofx 100x (94%)x ofx thex cardiacx patiexnts
werex receivingx thisx categoryx ofxx drug,xx whichxx wasxx thexx mostxx commonxx prescribedxx drugxx forxx txhisx
sample.
3. Whatxstatisticsxwerex conductedxxtoxdescribexthex BMIxofxthexxcardiacxpatientsxinx thisxsampl
e?xDiscussxwhetherxthesexxanalysisxxtechniquesxxwerexxappropriatexxorxxinapproprixate.
Answer:xBMIxwasxdescribedxwithxaxmeanxandxstandardxdeviationx(SD).xBMIxmeasurementxresult
edxinxratio-
levelxdataxwithxcontinuousxvaluesxandxanxxabsolutexxzeroxx(Stonexx&xxFrazier,xx2017).xxRatio-
xlevelxdata xxshould xxbexxanalyzed xxwithxxparametric xxstatistics xxsuch xxasxxthexxmeanxxandxxSDx(Groxve
x & xxGray, x 2017;x Knapp, x 2017).
4. Researchersxusedxthexfollowingxitemxtoxmeasurexregisteredxnurses’x(RNs)x incomex inx axstudy:
x Whatx categoryxidentifiesx yourx currentxincomex asxanx RN?
a.x Lessx thanx $50,000
b.x $50,000 to 59,999
c.x $60,000 to 69,999
d.x $70,000 to 80,000
e.x $80,000 or greater
Whatxlevelxofxx measurementxxisxxthisxxincomexxvariable?xx Doesxxthexxincomexxvariablexxfolloxwx
thexrulesx outlinedxinxFigurex 1-1?x Providexax rationalex forx yourx answer.
Answer:x Inxthisxexample,xthexincomexvariablexisxmeasuredxatxthexordinalx level.x Thex incomexcatego-
riesx arex exhaustive,x rangingx fromx lessx thanx $50,000x tox greaterx thanx $80,000.x Thex twox opxen-ended
,AGx 1-1
, AGx 1-2 Answerx Guidelinesx forx Questionsx tox Bex Graded
categoriesx ensurex thatx allx salaryx levelsx arex covered.x Thex categoriesx arex notx exclusive,x sincxe
x catego-
riesxx(d)xx andxx(e)xx includexx anxx $80,000xx salary,xxsoxxstudyxx participantsxx makingxx $80,000xx mighxtx
markxeitherx(d)x orxx(e)xx orxx bothxx categories,xx resultingxx inxxerroneousxx data.xx Categoryxx(e)xx cxouldx
bexchangedxx toxxgreaterxxthanxx $80,000,xx makingxxthexx categoriesxx exclusive.xxThexxcategorxiesx canx
x bexxrankxx orderedxxfrom xx thexxlowestxx salaryxx toxxthexx highestxx salary, xx whichxx isxx consiste xntx withx or
dinalx datax (Grovex &x Gray,x 2019;x Waltzx etx al.,x 2017).
5. Whatx levelx ofx measurementx isx thex CDSx score?x Provide x ax rationalex forx yourx answer.x
Answer:x Thexx CDSxxscorexxisxx atxxthexxintervalxxlevelxx ofxx measurement.xx Thexx CDSxx isxx axx 26-
xitem xx Likert xx scale xxdeveloped xx toxx measure xx depression xx inxx cardiac xx patients. xx Studyxx participantxs
x ratedx theirx symp-
tomsx onx axscalex ofx 1xtox7,x withx higherx numbersx indicatingx increasedx severityxinxthexdepressi
onx symptoms.x Thextotalx scoresxforx eachxsubjectx obtainedxfromxthisx multi-
itemxscalexxarexxconsideredxxtoxxbexxatxxthexxintervalxxlevelxx ofxx measurementxx(Grayxxetxxal.,xx 2017
;x Waltzxxetxx al.,xx2017).
5.xWerexnonparametric xorxparametricxanalysisxtechniquesxxusedxxtoxxanalyzexxthexxCDSxxscxo
resx forxthexcardiacx patientsxinxthisxstudy?x Providex axrationalexxforxxyourxxanswer.xAnswe
r:x Parametricx statistics,xsuchxasxmeanxandxxSD,xxwerexx conductedxxtoxx describexx CDSxscores
forx studyx participantsx (seex Tablex 1).x CDSx scoresx arex interval-
levelxdataxasxindicatedxinxQuestionsxx5,xxsoxxparametricxxstatisticsxxarexxappropriatexxforxxthisxxlexve
lx ofx datax (Grayx etx al.,x 2017;x Kimx &x Mallory,x 2017).
7. Isxthex prevalencexofx depressionxlinkedxtoxthexNYHAxclass?x Discussxthexclinicalximxportanc
ex ofx thisx result.
Answer:x Thexstudyxxnarrativexxindicatedxxthatxx thexx prevalencexxofxx depressionxx increasedxxwithxthe
x greaterx NYHA x class. x In x NYHAx class x III, x 64% x ofx thex subjects x werex depressed,x wherexasx 1
1%x ofx thexsubjectsx werex depressedx inx NYHAx classx I.x Thus,x asx thex NYHAx classx incrxeased,
x thex numberx of x sub-
jectsx withx depressionx increased.x Thisx isx anx expectedx findingx becausex asx thex NYHAx classxincr
eases,x cardiacx patientsx havex morex severex physicalx symptoms,x whichx usuallyx resultx inxemotion
alx distress,x suchx asx depression.x Nursesx needx tox activelyx assessx cardiacx patientsx forxdepression,x e
speciallyx thosex inx higherx NYHAx classes,x sox theyx mightx bex diagnosedxxxandxtreatedx asx need
ed.
8. Whatxfrequencyxandxpercentxxofxxcardiacxxpatientsxxinxxthisxxstudyxxwerexxnotxxbeingxxtreaxted
xwith xan xantidepressant? xShow xyour xcalculations xand xround xyour xanswer xtoxxthe xnearestx w
holex percentx (%).
Answer:x Ax totalx ofx 106x cardiacx patientsx participatedx inxx thisxx study.xx Thexx samplexx incxluded
15xxpatientsxxwhoxxwerexxreceivingxxxanxxxantidepressantxxx(seexxxTablexxx1).xxxThexxxnumbxerx
ofx cardiacx patientsx notx treatedx forx depressionx wasx 91x (106x –
15x =x 91).x Thex groupx percentx isx calculatedxx byxx thexx followingxx formula:xx (groupxx frequxency
x ÷x totalx sample xx size) xx ×x 100%. xx For xx thisxx study, xx(91xx patients xx ÷x 106xx samplexx sizxe) xx×x1
00%xx=x0.858xx×x100%xxx=x85.8%xxx=x86%.xxxThexxxfinalxxanswerxxxisxxxroundedxxxtoxxxtxhexx nearestx
x wholexx percent xx asxx directedxx inxx thexx question. xx Youxx couldxx have xx alsoxx subtracte xdx thexx 14% xx o
fxx patientsxxtreatedxx withxxantidepressantsxxfromxx 100%xxandxx obtainedxxthexx 86%xwhox werex notx tre
atedx withx anx antidepressant.
t.x Whatxx wasxxthexx purposexxofxxthexx5-
minutex walkxxtestxx(5MWT)?xx Wouldxxthexx5MWTxx bexx usefulxxinxxclinicalxx practice?
Answer:x Hax etxxal.x (2018)x stated,x “Thex 6-
minx walkx testx (6MWT)xisx axxmeasurexxofx thex submaximal,xxsteady-
statexfunctionalx capacity”x ofx cardiacx patients.x Thisxtestx wouldxbexax quick,x easyx wayxxtoxdeter
minex ax cardiacx patient’sx functionalx statusx inx ax clinicalxx setting.xx Thisxx functionalxstatusx
scorex couldx bex usedx tox determinex thex treatmentx planx tox promotex orx maintain
