Exam Bank Solution Manual for Psychometrics Latest Update (2024-2025)
Psychological test - Answers a set of items that is designed to measure characteristics of human beings
that pertain to behavior; the process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or
procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior
Psychometrics - Answers psychological measurement; the measurement of mental capacity, thought
processes, aspects of personality, etc, especially by mathematical or statistical analysis of quantitative
data; the science or study of this; (also) the construction and application of psychological tests
individual vs group tests - Answers individual: designed to be administered to 1 person at a time, useful
for collecting comprehensive info (e.g. some personality tests, some IQ tests), usually some degrees of
subjectivity in the scoring, time cost labor intensive
group: designed to be administered to more than 1 person at a time (mass testing), e.g. university tests
(especially MCQs), scoring is usually more objective, economical and time-saving
ability vs personality tests - Answers ability: measure skills in terms of speed, accuracy (power), or both;
(1) achievement (previous learning) - refers to a person's past/previous learning - designed to measure
person's past learning on accomplishment of a task (2) aptitude (potential for acquiring a specific
skill/learning) - refers to a person's potential to learn a specified task under provision of training (3)
intelligence (general mental abilities) - refers to a person's general potential to solve problems, adapt to
changing circumstances, think abstractly, benefit from experience
personality: measure typical behavior - traits, temperaments, dispositions, etc; designed to measure a
person's individuality in terms of their unique traits and behavior; tests can help in predicting future
behavior
norm vs criterion-referenced tests - Answers norm: test score is judged against the distribution of scores
obtained by the other test takers; this distribution is called the norms; compares an individual's results
on the test with statistically representative sample; rank the performance of a student in a particular
group
criterion-referenced: compare each individual's performance to a criterion or expected level of
performance; testee's score compared to objectively stated standard of performance on that test;
establish standard/criterion and marks students against it; e.g. you need 50% to pass your exams
overt behavior - Answers observable human behavior: eg, time needed to put 10 pegs in a peg board
covert behavior - Answers mental, social, or physical action or practice that is not immediately
observable: e.g. feelings of anxiety, depression
measurement - Answers the assignment of numbers to objects and events according to some rules
test - Answers measurement devices or techniques used to quantify behavior - to aid in understanding
and prediction of behaviors
, test items - Answers quantify behavior; a specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly
individual test example - Answers the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): block design: requires
blocks to be assembled into a certain pattern; testee is given a number of different trials (test run)
the Rorschach test (blotches)
intelligence test example - Answers Stanford-Binet; Raven's Progressive Matrices (designs with a cut out
portion), WAIS
personality test examples - Answers MMPI, Rorschach, TAT (provide ambitious pictures and have to
make up a story), 16PF Questionnaire
personality test types - Answers structured (objective): self report statements, choose between 2 or
more alternative responses (true/false, yes/no)
projective: unstructured; spontaneous response required of test-takers, provides an ambiguous
stimulus; response requirements unclear - assumes that person's interpretation of an ambiguous
stimulus will reflect their unique characteristics (e.g. Rorschach)
testing and racism, and testing in SA - Answers Fick (1929) applied tests developed for and standardized
on whites only to white & black children
Used Army Alpha and Army Beta tests
And used Fick Scale
White children of course got the highest scores
Originally proposed cultural, environmental, educational, and social reasons for discrepancy
Later suggested that due to differences in 'innate abilities' between whites and blacks, and not external
factors
Use of tests gained momentum after WW II and 1948 when NP came to power
Arose from need to identify occupational suitability of black people
Whites tested using the Otis Mental Ability Test
Developed in US, only had American norms
Psychological test - Answers a set of items that is designed to measure characteristics of human beings
that pertain to behavior; the process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or
procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior
Psychometrics - Answers psychological measurement; the measurement of mental capacity, thought
processes, aspects of personality, etc, especially by mathematical or statistical analysis of quantitative
data; the science or study of this; (also) the construction and application of psychological tests
individual vs group tests - Answers individual: designed to be administered to 1 person at a time, useful
for collecting comprehensive info (e.g. some personality tests, some IQ tests), usually some degrees of
subjectivity in the scoring, time cost labor intensive
group: designed to be administered to more than 1 person at a time (mass testing), e.g. university tests
(especially MCQs), scoring is usually more objective, economical and time-saving
ability vs personality tests - Answers ability: measure skills in terms of speed, accuracy (power), or both;
(1) achievement (previous learning) - refers to a person's past/previous learning - designed to measure
person's past learning on accomplishment of a task (2) aptitude (potential for acquiring a specific
skill/learning) - refers to a person's potential to learn a specified task under provision of training (3)
intelligence (general mental abilities) - refers to a person's general potential to solve problems, adapt to
changing circumstances, think abstractly, benefit from experience
personality: measure typical behavior - traits, temperaments, dispositions, etc; designed to measure a
person's individuality in terms of their unique traits and behavior; tests can help in predicting future
behavior
norm vs criterion-referenced tests - Answers norm: test score is judged against the distribution of scores
obtained by the other test takers; this distribution is called the norms; compares an individual's results
on the test with statistically representative sample; rank the performance of a student in a particular
group
criterion-referenced: compare each individual's performance to a criterion or expected level of
performance; testee's score compared to objectively stated standard of performance on that test;
establish standard/criterion and marks students against it; e.g. you need 50% to pass your exams
overt behavior - Answers observable human behavior: eg, time needed to put 10 pegs in a peg board
covert behavior - Answers mental, social, or physical action or practice that is not immediately
observable: e.g. feelings of anxiety, depression
measurement - Answers the assignment of numbers to objects and events according to some rules
test - Answers measurement devices or techniques used to quantify behavior - to aid in understanding
and prediction of behaviors
, test items - Answers quantify behavior; a specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly
individual test example - Answers the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): block design: requires
blocks to be assembled into a certain pattern; testee is given a number of different trials (test run)
the Rorschach test (blotches)
intelligence test example - Answers Stanford-Binet; Raven's Progressive Matrices (designs with a cut out
portion), WAIS
personality test examples - Answers MMPI, Rorschach, TAT (provide ambitious pictures and have to
make up a story), 16PF Questionnaire
personality test types - Answers structured (objective): self report statements, choose between 2 or
more alternative responses (true/false, yes/no)
projective: unstructured; spontaneous response required of test-takers, provides an ambiguous
stimulus; response requirements unclear - assumes that person's interpretation of an ambiguous
stimulus will reflect their unique characteristics (e.g. Rorschach)
testing and racism, and testing in SA - Answers Fick (1929) applied tests developed for and standardized
on whites only to white & black children
Used Army Alpha and Army Beta tests
And used Fick Scale
White children of course got the highest scores
Originally proposed cultural, environmental, educational, and social reasons for discrepancy
Later suggested that due to differences in 'innate abilities' between whites and blacks, and not external
factors
Use of tests gained momentum after WW II and 1948 when NP came to power
Arose from need to identify occupational suitability of black people
Whites tested using the Otis Mental Ability Test
Developed in US, only had American norms
