Advanced pathophysiology exam

1. What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
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a. Intolerance to heat, tachycardia, and weight loss
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b. Oligomenorrhea, fatigue, and warm skin B B B B




c. Restlessness, increased appetite, and metrorrhagia
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d. Constipation, decreased heart rate, and lethargy -
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answer>>The lower levels of thyroid hormone result in de
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creased energy metabolism, resulting in constipation, bra
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dycardia, and lethargy, thus eliminating the remainingopti
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ons.


1. Thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid horm
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one (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of THare adequate.
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This is an example of:
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a. Positive feedback B

,b. Neural regulation B B




c. Negative feedback
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d. Physiologic regulation -
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answer>>Negative feedback. Feedback systems provide precise
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monitoring and control of the cellular environment. Negative fee
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dback occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrin
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e response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that trigger
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ed the releaseof the hormone. Thyrotropin-
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releasing hormone (TRH) from thehypothalamus stimulates TSH
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secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of TSH stimulates
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the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and trii
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odothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituit
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ary and hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis.
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1. Lipid-
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soluble hormone receptors are located: a. Inside t
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he plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
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b. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
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c. Inside the mitochondria B B




d. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane -
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answer>>Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm. Lipid-
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soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma
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,membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma membrane tob
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ind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
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1. The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamust
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ravel to the anterior pituitary via the:
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a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata B B B B




b. Hypophyseal stalk B




c. Infundibular stem B




d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels B B B




Portal hypophyseal blood vessels. -
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answer>>Releasing and inhibitory hormones are synthesized in th
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e hypothalamus andare secreted into the portal blood vessels thr
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ough which theytravel to the anterior pituitary hormones.
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1. Which mineral is needed for thyroid- B B B B B



stimulating hormone(TSH) to stimulate the secretion of thyro
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id hormone (TH)?
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a. Iron b B B




. Iodide
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c. Zinc B

, d. Copper -
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answer>>Iodide. TSH, which is synthesized and stored in the ant
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erior pituitary, stimulates secretion of TH by activating intracellul
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ar processes, including the uptake of iodinenecessary for the synt
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hesis of TH. B B




1. What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other
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electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium B B




b. Decreases serum magnesium B B B




c. Decreases serum calcium
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d. Increases serum magnesium
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Decreases serum calcium. - B B B



answer>>Hyperphosphatemia leadsto hypocalcemia. Remembe
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r that phos and calcium are inversely related.
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1. Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
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a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Calcium