BIOL 1201 Licata Exam 4
What is an aneuploidy? - ✔️✔️Abnormal number of chromosomes.
What is polyploidy? - ✔️✔️extra sets of chromosomes
What is one common aneuploidy? - ✔️✔️Down syndrome, trisomy on chromosome 21
What are possible sex chromosome aneuploidys? - ✔️✔️XXY, XYY, XXX, XO (turner
syndrome)
What is a deletion mutation? - ✔️✔️When one or more nucleotides are lost (i.e.,
deleted)
What is X-inactivation? - ✔️✔️X inactivation is when the X chromosome compacts into
a Barr body and genes within become unexpressed. The Barr body lies along the
nuclear envelope, and is more likely in females.
What phenotypical pattern occurs when there are random changes in genetics in
somatic such as barr bodies? - ✔️✔️Mosaicism
If genes are on the same chromosome what cannot be produced? - ✔️✔️heterozygous
gametes
When does crossing over occur? - ✔️✔️Meiosis I
What is the recombination frequency? - ✔️✔️the percentage of recombinants/ the
distance between 2 genes (higher percentage, more recomination)
what is the unit for recombination frequency? - ✔️✔️Centimorgan
What organism did Thomas Hunt Morgan study? why? - ✔️✔️fruit flies, because they
generated offspring quickly and abundantly, with distinguishable phentotypes
What is Thomas Hunt Morgan known for discovering? - ✔️✔️Genes are stored on
specific chromosomes, sex chromosomes, and crossing-over
, How many alleles does a male have for an X-linked trait? - ✔️✔️One
What are the four systems of sex chromosomes? - ✔️✔️XX and XY- humans and most
animals
XX and X
ZW and ZZ
Haploid and Diploid- lots of insects
When do chromosomal abnormalities typically occur? - ✔️✔️Meiosis I
What is nondisjunction? - ✔️✔️An error in cell division that causes homologous
chromosomes or sister chromatids to move to the same side of the dividing cell
What is a duplication mutation? - ✔️✔️a segment of a chromosome is repeated
Which mutation is most likely harmful? - ✔️✔️deletion
What is inversion mutation? - ✔️✔️When a part of the chromosome reverses direction
What is a translocation mutation? - ✔️✔️moves a segment from one chromosome to
another, nonhomologous one
what happens when translocation is bad? - ✔️✔️The zygote will not grow
What are the exceptions to mendelian genetics? - ✔️✔️genetic imprinting, organellar
inheritance, and epigenetics
What is genomic imprinting? - ✔️✔️Similar to x-inactivation, but smaller. A copy of a
gene is turned off at the allele level
What is organeller inheritance? - ✔️✔️All mitochondria and chloroplasts come from the
mother
What is epigenetics? - ✔️✔️the study of environmental influences on gene expression
that can be inherited
When was DNA discovered as the genetic material? - ✔️✔️1990s
What is a bacteriophage? - ✔️✔️A virus that infects bacteria
What are Hershey and Chase known for? - ✔️✔️They made bacteriophages with
radioactive proteins an radioactive DNA and traced that the cells were radioactive with
the radioactive DNA.
What is an aneuploidy? - ✔️✔️Abnormal number of chromosomes.
What is polyploidy? - ✔️✔️extra sets of chromosomes
What is one common aneuploidy? - ✔️✔️Down syndrome, trisomy on chromosome 21
What are possible sex chromosome aneuploidys? - ✔️✔️XXY, XYY, XXX, XO (turner
syndrome)
What is a deletion mutation? - ✔️✔️When one or more nucleotides are lost (i.e.,
deleted)
What is X-inactivation? - ✔️✔️X inactivation is when the X chromosome compacts into
a Barr body and genes within become unexpressed. The Barr body lies along the
nuclear envelope, and is more likely in females.
What phenotypical pattern occurs when there are random changes in genetics in
somatic such as barr bodies? - ✔️✔️Mosaicism
If genes are on the same chromosome what cannot be produced? - ✔️✔️heterozygous
gametes
When does crossing over occur? - ✔️✔️Meiosis I
What is the recombination frequency? - ✔️✔️the percentage of recombinants/ the
distance between 2 genes (higher percentage, more recomination)
what is the unit for recombination frequency? - ✔️✔️Centimorgan
What organism did Thomas Hunt Morgan study? why? - ✔️✔️fruit flies, because they
generated offspring quickly and abundantly, with distinguishable phentotypes
What is Thomas Hunt Morgan known for discovering? - ✔️✔️Genes are stored on
specific chromosomes, sex chromosomes, and crossing-over
, How many alleles does a male have for an X-linked trait? - ✔️✔️One
What are the four systems of sex chromosomes? - ✔️✔️XX and XY- humans and most
animals
XX and X
ZW and ZZ
Haploid and Diploid- lots of insects
When do chromosomal abnormalities typically occur? - ✔️✔️Meiosis I
What is nondisjunction? - ✔️✔️An error in cell division that causes homologous
chromosomes or sister chromatids to move to the same side of the dividing cell
What is a duplication mutation? - ✔️✔️a segment of a chromosome is repeated
Which mutation is most likely harmful? - ✔️✔️deletion
What is inversion mutation? - ✔️✔️When a part of the chromosome reverses direction
What is a translocation mutation? - ✔️✔️moves a segment from one chromosome to
another, nonhomologous one
what happens when translocation is bad? - ✔️✔️The zygote will not grow
What are the exceptions to mendelian genetics? - ✔️✔️genetic imprinting, organellar
inheritance, and epigenetics
What is genomic imprinting? - ✔️✔️Similar to x-inactivation, but smaller. A copy of a
gene is turned off at the allele level
What is organeller inheritance? - ✔️✔️All mitochondria and chloroplasts come from the
mother
What is epigenetics? - ✔️✔️the study of environmental influences on gene expression
that can be inherited
When was DNA discovered as the genetic material? - ✔️✔️1990s
What is a bacteriophage? - ✔️✔️A virus that infects bacteria
What are Hershey and Chase known for? - ✔️✔️They made bacteriophages with
radioactive proteins an radioactive DNA and traced that the cells were radioactive with
the radioactive DNA.
