©BRAINBARTER EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
HS 3400 Exam Questions With Correct
Answers
Policy implementation - answer✔- Decisions -> action
- Most difficult and critical stage
- Can be political - "winners and losers" become evident and tensions may arise among actors
Implementation gap - answer✔Gap b/w planned and occurred
* Long history of failure, not well planned and under resourced
Actors - answer✔- Politicians
- Bureaucrats
- Other actors
Politicians - answer✔- Prime Minister
- Premier
- Ministers (Cabinet)
- In health - Minister of Health
1|Page
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Bureaucrats - answer✔- Civil servants in Ministries
- Departments within ministries responsible for policy implementation
- Experts who work on policy
Other Actors - answer✔- Interest groups
- Individuals
- Media
* Publicize new policy, educate and deliver program/service
Policy instruments or tools - answer✔Tools to implement policy decision to achieve the policy
goal:
1. Information and persuasion
2. Regulation
3. Public provision
4. Markets and market-like incentives
Information and persuasion - answer✔- Change behaviour using information
E.g., Education, healthy living-ads
Regulation - answer✔- Change behaviour by forcing compliance through sanctions
E.g., Laws
2|Page
, ©BRAINBARTER EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Public provision - answer✔- Government provides the services directly
E.g., Government programs
Markets and market-like incentives - answer✔- Change behaviour using incentives associated
with markets
E.g., Free 'money', tax credits on sports equip.
Policy implementation approaches - answer✔1. Top-down*
2. Bottom-up
3. Principal-Agent
4. New performance management*
5. Advocacy coalition framework
* Dominant approaches
Top-down approaches (general) - answer✔- Aligned with the rational model - implementation
is seen as a linear process
* Belief systematic implementation occurs, goals will be achieved
- Top down also refers to the idea that policy implementation takes place in a hierarchy
* Decision-maker to those affected
** min. involvement from affected
3|Page
, ©BRAINBARTER EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Top-down approaches (conditions)
[P.P.C.O.S.T.] - answer✔- A structured implementation process
- Committed, skilled people to implement
- No changes in the conditions that support policy implementation
E.g., political support is maintained
- Clear and logically consistent objectives
- Support from interest groups and government
- Adequate causal theory (valid theory linking actions and outcomes)
Top-down approaches - answer✔- Naïve
- Unrealistic
Bottom-up approaches - answer✔- Awareness that those affected by policy should be involved
in its implementation
* Principle of affected interests
- "Street Level Bureaucrats" - study of advocates for clients in the social welfare system
* Can interpret and reshape policy to meet client's needs
- Bring affected early and consider impact of policy
- Citizen engagement processes align well with bottom-up approaches
4|Page
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
HS 3400 Exam Questions With Correct
Answers
Policy implementation - answer✔- Decisions -> action
- Most difficult and critical stage
- Can be political - "winners and losers" become evident and tensions may arise among actors
Implementation gap - answer✔Gap b/w planned and occurred
* Long history of failure, not well planned and under resourced
Actors - answer✔- Politicians
- Bureaucrats
- Other actors
Politicians - answer✔- Prime Minister
- Premier
- Ministers (Cabinet)
- In health - Minister of Health
1|Page
, ©BRAINBARTER EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Bureaucrats - answer✔- Civil servants in Ministries
- Departments within ministries responsible for policy implementation
- Experts who work on policy
Other Actors - answer✔- Interest groups
- Individuals
- Media
* Publicize new policy, educate and deliver program/service
Policy instruments or tools - answer✔Tools to implement policy decision to achieve the policy
goal:
1. Information and persuasion
2. Regulation
3. Public provision
4. Markets and market-like incentives
Information and persuasion - answer✔- Change behaviour using information
E.g., Education, healthy living-ads
Regulation - answer✔- Change behaviour by forcing compliance through sanctions
E.g., Laws
2|Page
, ©BRAINBARTER EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Public provision - answer✔- Government provides the services directly
E.g., Government programs
Markets and market-like incentives - answer✔- Change behaviour using incentives associated
with markets
E.g., Free 'money', tax credits on sports equip.
Policy implementation approaches - answer✔1. Top-down*
2. Bottom-up
3. Principal-Agent
4. New performance management*
5. Advocacy coalition framework
* Dominant approaches
Top-down approaches (general) - answer✔- Aligned with the rational model - implementation
is seen as a linear process
* Belief systematic implementation occurs, goals will be achieved
- Top down also refers to the idea that policy implementation takes place in a hierarchy
* Decision-maker to those affected
** min. involvement from affected
3|Page
, ©BRAINBARTER EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Top-down approaches (conditions)
[P.P.C.O.S.T.] - answer✔- A structured implementation process
- Committed, skilled people to implement
- No changes in the conditions that support policy implementation
E.g., political support is maintained
- Clear and logically consistent objectives
- Support from interest groups and government
- Adequate causal theory (valid theory linking actions and outcomes)
Top-down approaches - answer✔- Naïve
- Unrealistic
Bottom-up approaches - answer✔- Awareness that those affected by policy should be involved
in its implementation
* Principle of affected interests
- "Street Level Bureaucrats" - study of advocates for clients in the social welfare system
* Can interpret and reshape policy to meet client's needs
- Bring affected early and consider impact of policy
- Citizen engagement processes align well with bottom-up approaches
4|Page
