Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231/BIOD 331
Module 10 Exam All Versions Latest Update/ Verified
neoplasia - ANSWERA disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
neoplasm - ANSWERthe "new growth" itself
what are the 3 things that normal tissue renewal and repair requires? - ANSWER1.
proliferation
2. differentiation
3. apoptosis
cell proliferation - ANSWERan adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old
cells or when additional cells are needed
cell differentiation - ANSWERprocess by which cells become more specialized in both
structure and fxn with each mitotic division
apoptosis - ANSWERprogrammed cell death; eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or
unwanted cells
proto-oncogenes - ANSWERencode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate
through a tightly regulated process
tumor suppressor genes - ANSWERencode proteins that inhibit cell growth and signal
for necessary apoptosis
cell cycle - ANSWERprocess by which a cell duplicates its genetic information and
divides between two genetically identical daughter cells
what are the 4 phases in a cell cycle? - ANSWERG1 (gap 1)
S phase
G2
M phase
**checkpoints located at end of each phase**
G1 - ANSWERDNA synthesis stops. cell enlarges & both RNA and protein synthesis
begins --> organelle duplication; Cell growth
S phase - ANSWERDNA synthesis resumes producing 2 sets of xsomes (one pair for
ea. daughter cell; DNA replication
G2 - ANSWERDNA synthesis stops. RNA/protein synthesis continues; cell
grows/enlarges to prepare for division
, M phase - ANSWERDNA is divided (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division occurs;
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
checkpoints - ANSWERmolecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to
proceed to the next phase; if not, cycle halts and phase is allowed to complete DNA
repair/replication
G0 phase - ANSWERA nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle;
cells may re-enter cell cycle if nutrients become avail or a GF is activated; highly
specialized cells/terminally differentiated cells stay in G0
3 groups of proliferating cells - ANSWER1. well-differentiated neurons, skeletal cells,
cardiac cells - rarely divide/proliferate
2. progenitor/parent cells that cont to divide and proliferate like blood, skin, liver
cells
3. undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large #'s of
progenitor cells if needed
stem cells - ANSWERcells that remain incompletely differentiated & dormant until
needed; when needed they can divide, produce other stem cells, and carry out
functions of the differentiated cell
2 important properties of stem cells - ANSWER1. self-renewal: can undergo
numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state
2. potency: the differentiation potential of stem cells
what are the 3 stem cell potentials? - ANSWER1. pluripotent - 'master cells'; can
potentially differentiate into any cell type
2. multipotent - can differentiate into a select few cell types
3. unipotent - restricted to single cell type differentiation but maintain self-renewal
2 classifications of stem cells - ANSWER1. embryonic - give rise to 3 derm layers
(endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) that develop into all organ systems; major role in
embryo development
2. adult - significant role in homeostasis, tissue regeneration and cell replacement
from apoptosis
What is a polyp? - ANSWERGrowth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the
intestine. Can be benign or malignant.
tumor - ANSWERgeneral term for swelling or abnormal growth
benign neoplasm - ANSWERwell differentiated cells; resemble cells in tissues of
origin; slow progressive rate of growth; not capable of metastasizing; usually
encapsulated; potential to interfere with vital fxns
2 types of neoplasms - ANSWERbenign and malignant
Module 10 Exam All Versions Latest Update/ Verified
neoplasia - ANSWERA disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
neoplasm - ANSWERthe "new growth" itself
what are the 3 things that normal tissue renewal and repair requires? - ANSWER1.
proliferation
2. differentiation
3. apoptosis
cell proliferation - ANSWERan adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old
cells or when additional cells are needed
cell differentiation - ANSWERprocess by which cells become more specialized in both
structure and fxn with each mitotic division
apoptosis - ANSWERprogrammed cell death; eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or
unwanted cells
proto-oncogenes - ANSWERencode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate
through a tightly regulated process
tumor suppressor genes - ANSWERencode proteins that inhibit cell growth and signal
for necessary apoptosis
cell cycle - ANSWERprocess by which a cell duplicates its genetic information and
divides between two genetically identical daughter cells
what are the 4 phases in a cell cycle? - ANSWERG1 (gap 1)
S phase
G2
M phase
**checkpoints located at end of each phase**
G1 - ANSWERDNA synthesis stops. cell enlarges & both RNA and protein synthesis
begins --> organelle duplication; Cell growth
S phase - ANSWERDNA synthesis resumes producing 2 sets of xsomes (one pair for
ea. daughter cell; DNA replication
G2 - ANSWERDNA synthesis stops. RNA/protein synthesis continues; cell
grows/enlarges to prepare for division
, M phase - ANSWERDNA is divided (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division occurs;
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
checkpoints - ANSWERmolecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to
proceed to the next phase; if not, cycle halts and phase is allowed to complete DNA
repair/replication
G0 phase - ANSWERA nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle;
cells may re-enter cell cycle if nutrients become avail or a GF is activated; highly
specialized cells/terminally differentiated cells stay in G0
3 groups of proliferating cells - ANSWER1. well-differentiated neurons, skeletal cells,
cardiac cells - rarely divide/proliferate
2. progenitor/parent cells that cont to divide and proliferate like blood, skin, liver
cells
3. undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large #'s of
progenitor cells if needed
stem cells - ANSWERcells that remain incompletely differentiated & dormant until
needed; when needed they can divide, produce other stem cells, and carry out
functions of the differentiated cell
2 important properties of stem cells - ANSWER1. self-renewal: can undergo
numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state
2. potency: the differentiation potential of stem cells
what are the 3 stem cell potentials? - ANSWER1. pluripotent - 'master cells'; can
potentially differentiate into any cell type
2. multipotent - can differentiate into a select few cell types
3. unipotent - restricted to single cell type differentiation but maintain self-renewal
2 classifications of stem cells - ANSWER1. embryonic - give rise to 3 derm layers
(endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) that develop into all organ systems; major role in
embryo development
2. adult - significant role in homeostasis, tissue regeneration and cell replacement
from apoptosis
What is a polyp? - ANSWERGrowth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the
intestine. Can be benign or malignant.
tumor - ANSWERgeneral term for swelling or abnormal growth
benign neoplasm - ANSWERwell differentiated cells; resemble cells in tissues of
origin; slow progressive rate of growth; not capable of metastasizing; usually
encapsulated; potential to interfere with vital fxns
2 types of neoplasms - ANSWERbenign and malignant
