Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2

A vertical cross section shows what three regions inside the kidney? - Answer the cortex, the medulla, and the pelvis The _____ is a continuous outer region with several cortical columns. - Answer Renal cortex The renal medulla is divided into sections called _____. - Answer Pyramids Describe the renal pelvis. - Answer The renal pelvis constitutes a funnel-shaped tube that connects to the ureter as it leaves the hilus. Trace the flow of blood through the vessels of the kidney from renal artery into the glomerulus and back to the renal vein. - Answer (1) Renal artery, (2) Segmental artery, (3) Lobar artery, (4) Interlobar artery, (5) Arcuate artery, (6) Interlobular artery, (7) Afferent arteriole, (8) Glomerular capillaries, (9) Efferent arteriole, (10) Peritubular or Vasa recta capillaries, (11) Interlobular vein, (12) Arcuate vein, (13) Interlobar vein, (14) Renal vein Input from the _______ adjusts the diameter of the renal arteries thereby regulating renal blood flow. - Answer sympathetic nervous system The urinary system has ____ kidneys, _____ ureters, and _____ bladder. - Answer two, two, one Describe the shape, weight and location of the adult kidney. - Answer An adult kidney is bean-shaped, about the size of a can of soup and weighs about 5 ounces. The right kidney lies slightly lower than the left because of the liver's location just above it. Both kidneys are mostly protected by the rib cage because of their location between the T-12 and L-3 vertebra. The ____glands are located on top of each kidney. - Answer Adrenal glands Describe the three layers of protective tissue that surround the kidney. - Answer The kidney surface is protected by three layers of specialized tissue. The renal capsule is a tough fibrous outer skin of the kidney which protects it from injury and infection. Outside of the renal capsule is a fatty layer that protects the kidney from trauma called the adipose capsule. The outer renal fascia is dense fibrous connective tissue which keeps the kidney in place inside the abdominal cavity. Urine is carried from the kidneys to the bladder by thin muscular tubes called ____. - Answer ureters ______are sphincters located where the ureters enter the bladder. - Answer Ureterovesical valves Describe the three layers of the bladder. - Answer The outer adventitia is fibrous connective tissue, the middle layer is a muscular layer known as the detrusor muscle with inner and outer longitudinal layers and middle circular layer, the inner mucosal layer is composed of transitional epithelium. Transitional epithelium cells are specialized to enable cellular expansion to absorb fluid. Describe the bladder when it is full and when it is empty. - Answer The bladder is very elastic, collapsing into it a pyramidal shape when empty. As it is filled by urine, the bladder swells and becomes pear-shaped, rising in the abdominal cavity. Describe the two sphincters of the bladder. - Answer The involuntary-controlled internal urethral sphincter is located near the bladder and keeps the urethra closed to prevent urine from leaving the bladder. The voluntary-controlled external urethral sphincter, composed of skeletal muscle, surrounds the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor. Describe the three layers of the ureter wall. - Answer The inner lining, made of transitional epithelium, is continuous with the kidney's lining. The middle layer is two sheets of muscle, one longitudinal and the other circular. The outer adventitia layer is fibrous connective tissue. Describe the urinary bladder. Compare male and female locations. - Answer The urinary bladder is the hollow, muscular, elastic pouch that receives, and stores urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal through the urethra. In males, the base of the bladder lies in front of the rectum and just behind the pubic symphysis. In females, the bladder sits below the uterus and in front of the vagina, so the maximum capacity of the bladder is lower in females than in males. Both ureters open into the bladder via the _____. - Answer ureteral orifices Discuss the differences between the male and female urethra. - Answer In males and females, the length and functions of the urethra differ. The female urethra is shorter and only carries urine while the male urethra is about 5 times longer and carries both urine and semen from the body. What are the three regions of the male urethra? - Answer The prostatic urethra which runs within the prostate gland, the membranous urethra which runs within the urogenital diaphragm and the spongy (penile) urethra.