WGU D027 Study Guide | Questions and
Answers| Latest Update | A grade
Guaranteed
Types of Endocrine Disorders - ✔✔Diabetes
Acromegaly - overproduction of growth hormone, have overbite and buffalo hump
Addison's - decreased production of hormones by adrenal gland
Cushing - high cortisol levels
Graves - hyperthyroidism (excessive)
Stage 1 Kidney Disease (CKD) - ✔✔kidney damage with normal or increased GFR,
treat comorbid conditions to slow disease progression, CVD risk reduction
Stage 2 CKD - ✔✔kidney damage with mild decreased GFR (60-89), Estimation of progression
Stage 3 CKD - ✔✔moderate decreased GFR (30-59), treat complications
Stage 4 CKD - ✔✔Severely decreased GFR (15-29), prepare for kidney replacement therapy
Stage 5 CKD - ✔✔Kidney failure
GFR <15 or dialysis, replacement if uremia present
How do you start first dose of antihypertensives/heart failure medications? - ✔✔start
first dose at night; do slow position changes, lay down if hypotension occurs
Ace Inhibiters (ACEI) *pril - ✔✔reduce angiotensin II, increase bradykinin, hyperkalemia, dry
cough, angioedema; contraindicated in pregnancy (fetal death), first dose causes severe
hypotension, can cause renal failure
,Beta Blockers - ✔✔prevent chemical messengers; slow HR, relax vessels, lower BP, Class
II antidysrhythmic drug
nonselective beta blockers - ✔✔use with caution in people with lung conditions; do not
use with asthma
Cardio selective beta blockers - ✔✔metoprolol - only beta-1 receptors affected
Third generation beta blockers - ✔✔labetalol - blocks alpha and beta receptors
Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔vasodilation of arterioles and heart, class IV
antidysrhythmic drug
Verapamil - ✔✔calcium channel blocker, first choice
dihydropyridines CCB - ✔✔*ine, vasodilators used to treat htn and angina
non-dihydropyridines CCB - ✔✔*dilt, used for arrhythmias
Statins - ✔✔lipid lowering agents (LDL), can increase good HDL, muscle pain can lead
to rhabdo, kidney failure, and death
Diuretics - ✔✔2 hours after oral intake, peaks at 4-6 hours, lasts 12 hours
Thiazide Diuretics - ✔✔block reabsorption (10%) in distal convoluted tubule; not used
in kidney failure, can cause hypokalemia, not used in sickle cell disease
, Loop diuretics - ✔✔Furosemide; blocks reabsorption (20%) in loop of Henle
Potassium-sparing diuretics - ✔✔Spironolactone (Aldactone); distal nephron, holds
K, excretes sodium, takes 48 hours to work
Angiotensin II - ✔✔vasocontraction; increased bp by acting on adrenal cortex
secreting aldosterone
Antiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBS) - ✔✔Sartan; blocks action of angiotensin II,
second choice if cannot tolerate ACE for htn and HF
Diabetes diagnosis - ✔✔Hgb A1C is most reliable assessment of blood glucose over 3
month period. Poor control is >9%, goal is <6.5% in healthy people
Short acting insulin - ✔✔lispro (Humalog)/Aspart (NovoLog)/glulisine (aspirdra)
Long acting insulin - ✔✔glargine (Lantus) - most painful; detemir (levemir)
Metformin - ✔✔first drug of choice with new Type 2 Diabetes; inhibits glucose in liver,
slightly reduces glycose absorption in gut, increases glucose uptake; DOES NOT drive
insulin down, very low risk for hypoglycemia
TSH levels - ✔✔normal range is 0.4 to 4.0 mu/L. If you are being treated for a thyroid
disorder, the normal range is 0.5 to 3.0 mu/L. A value above the normal range indicates that the
thyroid is underactive. This indicates hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism Presentation - ✔✔inadequate amounts of hormone; slows body
function and processes, cold, pale puffy face, skin cool and dry, low HR, low temp, lethargy,
fatigue
Answers| Latest Update | A grade
Guaranteed
Types of Endocrine Disorders - ✔✔Diabetes
Acromegaly - overproduction of growth hormone, have overbite and buffalo hump
Addison's - decreased production of hormones by adrenal gland
Cushing - high cortisol levels
Graves - hyperthyroidism (excessive)
Stage 1 Kidney Disease (CKD) - ✔✔kidney damage with normal or increased GFR,
treat comorbid conditions to slow disease progression, CVD risk reduction
Stage 2 CKD - ✔✔kidney damage with mild decreased GFR (60-89), Estimation of progression
Stage 3 CKD - ✔✔moderate decreased GFR (30-59), treat complications
Stage 4 CKD - ✔✔Severely decreased GFR (15-29), prepare for kidney replacement therapy
Stage 5 CKD - ✔✔Kidney failure
GFR <15 or dialysis, replacement if uremia present
How do you start first dose of antihypertensives/heart failure medications? - ✔✔start
first dose at night; do slow position changes, lay down if hypotension occurs
Ace Inhibiters (ACEI) *pril - ✔✔reduce angiotensin II, increase bradykinin, hyperkalemia, dry
cough, angioedema; contraindicated in pregnancy (fetal death), first dose causes severe
hypotension, can cause renal failure
,Beta Blockers - ✔✔prevent chemical messengers; slow HR, relax vessels, lower BP, Class
II antidysrhythmic drug
nonselective beta blockers - ✔✔use with caution in people with lung conditions; do not
use with asthma
Cardio selective beta blockers - ✔✔metoprolol - only beta-1 receptors affected
Third generation beta blockers - ✔✔labetalol - blocks alpha and beta receptors
Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔vasodilation of arterioles and heart, class IV
antidysrhythmic drug
Verapamil - ✔✔calcium channel blocker, first choice
dihydropyridines CCB - ✔✔*ine, vasodilators used to treat htn and angina
non-dihydropyridines CCB - ✔✔*dilt, used for arrhythmias
Statins - ✔✔lipid lowering agents (LDL), can increase good HDL, muscle pain can lead
to rhabdo, kidney failure, and death
Diuretics - ✔✔2 hours after oral intake, peaks at 4-6 hours, lasts 12 hours
Thiazide Diuretics - ✔✔block reabsorption (10%) in distal convoluted tubule; not used
in kidney failure, can cause hypokalemia, not used in sickle cell disease
, Loop diuretics - ✔✔Furosemide; blocks reabsorption (20%) in loop of Henle
Potassium-sparing diuretics - ✔✔Spironolactone (Aldactone); distal nephron, holds
K, excretes sodium, takes 48 hours to work
Angiotensin II - ✔✔vasocontraction; increased bp by acting on adrenal cortex
secreting aldosterone
Antiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBS) - ✔✔Sartan; blocks action of angiotensin II,
second choice if cannot tolerate ACE for htn and HF
Diabetes diagnosis - ✔✔Hgb A1C is most reliable assessment of blood glucose over 3
month period. Poor control is >9%, goal is <6.5% in healthy people
Short acting insulin - ✔✔lispro (Humalog)/Aspart (NovoLog)/glulisine (aspirdra)
Long acting insulin - ✔✔glargine (Lantus) - most painful; detemir (levemir)
Metformin - ✔✔first drug of choice with new Type 2 Diabetes; inhibits glucose in liver,
slightly reduces glycose absorption in gut, increases glucose uptake; DOES NOT drive
insulin down, very low risk for hypoglycemia
TSH levels - ✔✔normal range is 0.4 to 4.0 mu/L. If you are being treated for a thyroid
disorder, the normal range is 0.5 to 3.0 mu/L. A value above the normal range indicates that the
thyroid is underactive. This indicates hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism Presentation - ✔✔inadequate amounts of hormone; slows body
function and processes, cold, pale puffy face, skin cool and dry, low HR, low temp, lethargy,
fatigue
