PHT2162 Final Exam
Study Guide
Neuron - Answer Synapse
Neurilemma
Node of Ranvier
Schwann cell
Myelin
Axon
Dendrite
Cell body
Cell body - Answer integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to axon
Dendrite- - Answer collect electrical signals; receive information
Axon - Answer passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell
Myelin- - Answer fatty substance that surrounds the axon; make signals go faster and
protects axon
Schwann cell - Answer makes myelin
Node of Ranvier - Answer little segments in the axon; unmyelinated
Neurilemma - Answer covers the myelin sheath
Synapse - Answer gap at the terminal end
Neurotransmitter molecules (chemicals) get released into the receptors- this will set
off the charge in the next cell
Neurological cells of the central nervous system - Answer Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte:
Microglia:
Astrocyte - Answer cell that holds a neuron to a capillary for food and energy
Oligodendrocyte - Answer form a frame or structure that holds neurons in place to other
,neurons
Microglia: - Answer scavenger cells and eat all cellular debris
CNS consists of: - Answer Neurons that start and end in the Brain and Spinal cord
PNS consists of: - Answer Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems
Somatic nervous system controls: - Answer Motor function and Sensory Input
Autonomic nervous system controls: - Answer Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
nervous systems
Sympathetic Nervous System - Answer Fight or flight response
Parasympathetic Nervous System - Answer Rest and digest response
Central NS - Answer neurons that start (dendrites) and end (terminal/synapse) entirely
and exclusively in the brain/ spinal cord
gyrus + sulcus - Answer gyrus= mountains
sulcus= valleys
gray matter VS white matter - Answer o gray matter=cell bodies, dendrites, axon
terminals
o white matter= axons (made of the fatty myelin that make it white)
Fissures/Sulci - Answer Longitudinal fissure-splits brain into right hemisphere and left
hemisphere
Central Fissure- separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Lateral Fissure- separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal
Decussation in regards to the brain - Answer crossing over
Left side of brain controls the right side of body
Right side of brain controls the left side of body
Corpus callosum - Answer is a bridge of axons that joins the 2 hemispheres and allows
communication between them
Frontal Lobe: - Answer is responsible for cognitive functions, motor control and speech
Parts of the frontal lobe:
Prefrontal cortex:
Pre-motor cortex:
,Motor cortex AKA Precentral Gyrus
Broca's Area
Prefrontal cortex: - Answer problem solving, memory, motivation, judgement, impulse
control/spontaneity, social and sexual behavior, emotion, personality
Pre-motor cortex: - Answer responsible for planning movements and repetitive motions
of learned motor skills; subconscious motor activity
Motor cortex AKA Precentral Gyrus - Answer : is responsible for control of skeletal
muscles
Broca's Area - Answer ONLY LEFT FRONTAL LOBE in the premotor cortex
i. Production of articulate SPEECH
ii. moves the muscles required for speaking
Parietal Lobe: - Answer is responsible for taste and somatosensory processing and
integration
Parts of the parietal lobe:
Gustatory cortex
Somatosensory cortex AKA Postcentral Gyrus
Somatosensory cortex AKA Postcentral Gyrus - Answer touch
The different somatosensories - Answer i. Mechanorecption-touch
ii. Thermoreception-temperature
iii. Nociception-pain
iv. Baroception-pressure
v. Proprioception-position
vi. Stereognosis-tell what something Is by holding it in your hand
vii. Two point discrimination- if your touching 2 things you can tell how far apart they are
Occipital Lobe: - Answer processes vision
a.Right occipital lobe= left field of vision in both eyes
b.Left occipital lobe= right field of vision in both eyes
Temporal Lobe: - Answer responsible for hearing, smelling and language processing,
integration and interpretation
, Parts of the temporal lobe:
Superior temporal gyrus
Auditory cortex
Olfactory cortex
Wernicke's Area
Wernicke's Area- - Answer ONLY LEFT FRONTAL LOBE next to auditory cortex
i. LANGUAGE
Arcuate Fasciculus: - Answer Connects the Broca's + Wernicke's so they are able to
communicate
Limbic System: - Answer Hypothalamus:
Amygdala:
hippocampus
Thalamus:
Hypothalamus: - Answer responsible for hormone production and regulation
Amygdala - Answer (Almond) responsible for arousal, autonomic responses associated
with fear, emotional responses, hormonal secretions, memory like trauma
Hippocampus: - Answer (Seahorse) responsible for memory, spatial navigation, thought
to be responsible for behavioral inhibition
Thalamus - Answer coordinates cortical and subcortical (midbrain) function, sensory
relay station, regulates sleep, and controls consciousness
Protecting the Brain + Spinal Cord: - Answer Cerebrospinal fluid: is a colorless liquid
that bathes the brain and spine + fills ventricles and the meninges allowing the brain to
float within the skull
Skull
Meninges- 3 layers covers between skill and brain and spinal cord for protection
3 layers of the meninges - Answer o Dura (tough) mater (mother)- attached to the skull
o Arachnoid (spider) mater (mother)
Subarachnoid space- contains cerebral spinal fluid and blood vessels
o Pia (tender) mater (mother)- right on top of the sulci and gyri
Study Guide
Neuron - Answer Synapse
Neurilemma
Node of Ranvier
Schwann cell
Myelin
Axon
Dendrite
Cell body
Cell body - Answer integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to axon
Dendrite- - Answer collect electrical signals; receive information
Axon - Answer passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell
Myelin- - Answer fatty substance that surrounds the axon; make signals go faster and
protects axon
Schwann cell - Answer makes myelin
Node of Ranvier - Answer little segments in the axon; unmyelinated
Neurilemma - Answer covers the myelin sheath
Synapse - Answer gap at the terminal end
Neurotransmitter molecules (chemicals) get released into the receptors- this will set
off the charge in the next cell
Neurological cells of the central nervous system - Answer Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte:
Microglia:
Astrocyte - Answer cell that holds a neuron to a capillary for food and energy
Oligodendrocyte - Answer form a frame or structure that holds neurons in place to other
,neurons
Microglia: - Answer scavenger cells and eat all cellular debris
CNS consists of: - Answer Neurons that start and end in the Brain and Spinal cord
PNS consists of: - Answer Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems
Somatic nervous system controls: - Answer Motor function and Sensory Input
Autonomic nervous system controls: - Answer Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
nervous systems
Sympathetic Nervous System - Answer Fight or flight response
Parasympathetic Nervous System - Answer Rest and digest response
Central NS - Answer neurons that start (dendrites) and end (terminal/synapse) entirely
and exclusively in the brain/ spinal cord
gyrus + sulcus - Answer gyrus= mountains
sulcus= valleys
gray matter VS white matter - Answer o gray matter=cell bodies, dendrites, axon
terminals
o white matter= axons (made of the fatty myelin that make it white)
Fissures/Sulci - Answer Longitudinal fissure-splits brain into right hemisphere and left
hemisphere
Central Fissure- separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Lateral Fissure- separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal
Decussation in regards to the brain - Answer crossing over
Left side of brain controls the right side of body
Right side of brain controls the left side of body
Corpus callosum - Answer is a bridge of axons that joins the 2 hemispheres and allows
communication between them
Frontal Lobe: - Answer is responsible for cognitive functions, motor control and speech
Parts of the frontal lobe:
Prefrontal cortex:
Pre-motor cortex:
,Motor cortex AKA Precentral Gyrus
Broca's Area
Prefrontal cortex: - Answer problem solving, memory, motivation, judgement, impulse
control/spontaneity, social and sexual behavior, emotion, personality
Pre-motor cortex: - Answer responsible for planning movements and repetitive motions
of learned motor skills; subconscious motor activity
Motor cortex AKA Precentral Gyrus - Answer : is responsible for control of skeletal
muscles
Broca's Area - Answer ONLY LEFT FRONTAL LOBE in the premotor cortex
i. Production of articulate SPEECH
ii. moves the muscles required for speaking
Parietal Lobe: - Answer is responsible for taste and somatosensory processing and
integration
Parts of the parietal lobe:
Gustatory cortex
Somatosensory cortex AKA Postcentral Gyrus
Somatosensory cortex AKA Postcentral Gyrus - Answer touch
The different somatosensories - Answer i. Mechanorecption-touch
ii. Thermoreception-temperature
iii. Nociception-pain
iv. Baroception-pressure
v. Proprioception-position
vi. Stereognosis-tell what something Is by holding it in your hand
vii. Two point discrimination- if your touching 2 things you can tell how far apart they are
Occipital Lobe: - Answer processes vision
a.Right occipital lobe= left field of vision in both eyes
b.Left occipital lobe= right field of vision in both eyes
Temporal Lobe: - Answer responsible for hearing, smelling and language processing,
integration and interpretation
, Parts of the temporal lobe:
Superior temporal gyrus
Auditory cortex
Olfactory cortex
Wernicke's Area
Wernicke's Area- - Answer ONLY LEFT FRONTAL LOBE next to auditory cortex
i. LANGUAGE
Arcuate Fasciculus: - Answer Connects the Broca's + Wernicke's so they are able to
communicate
Limbic System: - Answer Hypothalamus:
Amygdala:
hippocampus
Thalamus:
Hypothalamus: - Answer responsible for hormone production and regulation
Amygdala - Answer (Almond) responsible for arousal, autonomic responses associated
with fear, emotional responses, hormonal secretions, memory like trauma
Hippocampus: - Answer (Seahorse) responsible for memory, spatial navigation, thought
to be responsible for behavioral inhibition
Thalamus - Answer coordinates cortical and subcortical (midbrain) function, sensory
relay station, regulates sleep, and controls consciousness
Protecting the Brain + Spinal Cord: - Answer Cerebrospinal fluid: is a colorless liquid
that bathes the brain and spine + fills ventricles and the meninges allowing the brain to
float within the skull
Skull
Meninges- 3 layers covers between skill and brain and spinal cord for protection
3 layers of the meninges - Answer o Dura (tough) mater (mother)- attached to the skull
o Arachnoid (spider) mater (mother)
Subarachnoid space- contains cerebral spinal fluid and blood vessels
o Pia (tender) mater (mother)- right on top of the sulci and gyri
