©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
APK2100C - FINAL EXAM Study Guide.
Atoms/Molecules (chemical level)
Organelles
Cells (cellular level)
Tissues (tissue level)
Organs (organ level)
Organ systems (organ system level)
Organisms (organismal level) - answer✔List the hierarchy of structural organization.
Anatomical position - answer✔What is a position where a person stands erect with feet flat on
the ground, toes pointing forward, eyes facing forward, and the palms face anteriorly with
thumbs pointing away from the body?
Axial region - answer✔What region consists of the head, trunk, and neck?
Trunk - answer✔What region is divided into thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis; also includes
the region around the anus and external genitals, called the perineum?
Appendicular region - answer✔What consists of the limbs, which are also called appendages or
extremities?
Superior (cranial) - answer✔What is toward the head or upper part of a structure or body;
above?
Inferior (caudal) - answer✔What is away from the head end or toward the lower part of a
structure or body; below?
Medial - answer✔What is toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of?
Lateral - answer✔What is away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of?
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, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Proximal - answer✔What is closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk?
Distal - answer✔What is farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk?
Ipsilateral - answer✔What is when something is on the same side of the body?
Contralateral - answer✔What is when something is on the opposite side of the body?
Anterior (ventral) - answer✔What is when something is toward or at the front of the body; in
front of?
Posterior (dorsal) - answer✔What is when something is toward or at the back of the body;
behind?
Superficial (external) - answer✔What is when something is toward or at the body surface?
Deep (internal) - answer✔What is when something is away from the body surface; more
internal?
Frontal (coronal) plane - answer✔What extends vertically and divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts?
Transverse (horizontal) plane - answer✔What runs horizontally from left to right and divides
the body in superior and inferior parts?
Cross section - answer✔What is a transverse plane also called?
Median (sagittal) plane - answer✔What extends vertically and divides the body into left and
right parts?
Midsagittal plane - answer✔What is the specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline?
Parasagittal plane - answer✔What divides body into unequal right and left sides?
Oblique plane - answer✔What cuts along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal
and vertical?
Body cavity - answer✔What is a space that separates the internal organs, thereby protecting
and supporting them?
Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity - answer✔What are the two main body cavities?
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11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Dorsal Body Cavity - answer✔What includes the cranial cavity and the vertebral/spinal cavity?
Cranial cavity - answer✔What is made by cranial bones that contain and protect the brain?
Vertebral/spinal cavity - answer✔What is formed by the bones of the vertebral column that
contains and protects the spinal cord?
Ventral body cavity - answer✔What includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity,
which are separated by the diaphragm?
Ribs
Chest muscles
Sternum
Vertebral column
Diaphragm - answer✔What is the thoracic cavity made up of?
Mediastinum - answer✔What contains the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart?
Diaphragm - answer✔What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Liver
Kidney
Stomach - answer✔What is the abdominal cavity made up of?
Pelvis
Rectum
Reproductive organs - answer✔What is the pelvic cavity made up of?
Integumentary system - answer✔Which system forms the external body covering and protects
deeper tissues from injury; is composed primarily of skin but it includes hair and nails?
Skeletal system - answer✔Which system protects and supports body organs and provides a
framework the muscles use to cause movement; is predominantly made up of bones?
Muscular system - answer✔Which system allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture and produces heat?
Nervous system - answer✔Which system is the fast-acting control system of the body, it
responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?
3|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Endocrine system - answer✔Which system includes glands that secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells?
Cardiovascular system - answer✔Which system circulates blood, which carries crucial nutrients
through the body?
Respiratory system - answer✔Which system keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide?
Digestive system - answer✔Which system breaks down food into absorbable units that enter
the blood for distribution to body cells?
Urinary system - answer✔Which system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body,
regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood?
Reproductive system - answer✔Which system's overall function is the production of offspring?
Cells - answer✔What are the smallest living units in the body?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus - answer✔What are the three major structural components of a cell?
Fluid Mosaic Model - answer✔What depicts the plasma membrane as a double layer, or bilayer,
of lipid molecules with protein molecules embedded within it?
Protection
Communication
Regulation - answer✔What are the three key functions of a cell's plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids - answer✔What are the three membrane lipids found in a cell membrane?
Phospholipid - answer✔What account for 75% of the membrane's lipids; are amphipathic (have
a hydrophilic and hydrophobic layer) and form a bilayer?
Cholesterol - answer✔What accounts for 20% of the membrane's lipids but is only found in the
plasma membrane of animal cells; are found near the hydrophobic tails and maintain the
structural integrity of the membrane?
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11/16/2024 10:16 AM
APK2100C - FINAL EXAM Study Guide.
Atoms/Molecules (chemical level)
Organelles
Cells (cellular level)
Tissues (tissue level)
Organs (organ level)
Organ systems (organ system level)
Organisms (organismal level) - answer✔List the hierarchy of structural organization.
Anatomical position - answer✔What is a position where a person stands erect with feet flat on
the ground, toes pointing forward, eyes facing forward, and the palms face anteriorly with
thumbs pointing away from the body?
Axial region - answer✔What region consists of the head, trunk, and neck?
Trunk - answer✔What region is divided into thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis; also includes
the region around the anus and external genitals, called the perineum?
Appendicular region - answer✔What consists of the limbs, which are also called appendages or
extremities?
Superior (cranial) - answer✔What is toward the head or upper part of a structure or body;
above?
Inferior (caudal) - answer✔What is away from the head end or toward the lower part of a
structure or body; below?
Medial - answer✔What is toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of?
Lateral - answer✔What is away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of?
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Proximal - answer✔What is closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk?
Distal - answer✔What is farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk?
Ipsilateral - answer✔What is when something is on the same side of the body?
Contralateral - answer✔What is when something is on the opposite side of the body?
Anterior (ventral) - answer✔What is when something is toward or at the front of the body; in
front of?
Posterior (dorsal) - answer✔What is when something is toward or at the back of the body;
behind?
Superficial (external) - answer✔What is when something is toward or at the body surface?
Deep (internal) - answer✔What is when something is away from the body surface; more
internal?
Frontal (coronal) plane - answer✔What extends vertically and divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts?
Transverse (horizontal) plane - answer✔What runs horizontally from left to right and divides
the body in superior and inferior parts?
Cross section - answer✔What is a transverse plane also called?
Median (sagittal) plane - answer✔What extends vertically and divides the body into left and
right parts?
Midsagittal plane - answer✔What is the specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline?
Parasagittal plane - answer✔What divides body into unequal right and left sides?
Oblique plane - answer✔What cuts along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal
and vertical?
Body cavity - answer✔What is a space that separates the internal organs, thereby protecting
and supporting them?
Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity - answer✔What are the two main body cavities?
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Dorsal Body Cavity - answer✔What includes the cranial cavity and the vertebral/spinal cavity?
Cranial cavity - answer✔What is made by cranial bones that contain and protect the brain?
Vertebral/spinal cavity - answer✔What is formed by the bones of the vertebral column that
contains and protects the spinal cord?
Ventral body cavity - answer✔What includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity,
which are separated by the diaphragm?
Ribs
Chest muscles
Sternum
Vertebral column
Diaphragm - answer✔What is the thoracic cavity made up of?
Mediastinum - answer✔What contains the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart?
Diaphragm - answer✔What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Liver
Kidney
Stomach - answer✔What is the abdominal cavity made up of?
Pelvis
Rectum
Reproductive organs - answer✔What is the pelvic cavity made up of?
Integumentary system - answer✔Which system forms the external body covering and protects
deeper tissues from injury; is composed primarily of skin but it includes hair and nails?
Skeletal system - answer✔Which system protects and supports body organs and provides a
framework the muscles use to cause movement; is predominantly made up of bones?
Muscular system - answer✔Which system allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture and produces heat?
Nervous system - answer✔Which system is the fast-acting control system of the body, it
responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?
3|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Endocrine system - answer✔Which system includes glands that secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells?
Cardiovascular system - answer✔Which system circulates blood, which carries crucial nutrients
through the body?
Respiratory system - answer✔Which system keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide?
Digestive system - answer✔Which system breaks down food into absorbable units that enter
the blood for distribution to body cells?
Urinary system - answer✔Which system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body,
regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood?
Reproductive system - answer✔Which system's overall function is the production of offspring?
Cells - answer✔What are the smallest living units in the body?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus - answer✔What are the three major structural components of a cell?
Fluid Mosaic Model - answer✔What depicts the plasma membrane as a double layer, or bilayer,
of lipid molecules with protein molecules embedded within it?
Protection
Communication
Regulation - answer✔What are the three key functions of a cell's plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids - answer✔What are the three membrane lipids found in a cell membrane?
Phospholipid - answer✔What account for 75% of the membrane's lipids; are amphipathic (have
a hydrophilic and hydrophobic layer) and form a bilayer?
Cholesterol - answer✔What accounts for 20% of the membrane's lipids but is only found in the
plasma membrane of animal cells; are found near the hydrophobic tails and maintain the
structural integrity of the membrane?
4|Page
