Biology 252 Exam 1 latest 2024 Accurate Summer Term
Exam GRADED A+
Describe the cells of the bone tissue - ANSWER: -Osteogenic cells
-Osteoblasts
-Osteocytes
-Osteoclasts
What membrane lines the internal canals and the small cavities of the compact and
spongy bones? - ANSWER: Endosteum
What is the periosteum composed of? - ANSWER: -Dense irregular connective tissue
-Collagen fibers
-Outer fibrous layer has fibroblasts
-Inner layer has progenitor cells that become osteoblasts
Describe the matrix of the bone tissue - ANSWER: -Stony matter surrounding
osteocytes and lacunae
-1/3 organic (collagen and protein-carb complex) and 2/3 inorganic (CaK, CaCO3...)
-gives bone flexibility and strength
-Minerals resist compression
-Collagen resists tension
Compare the function of the organic and the inorganic material in the bone matrix -
ANSWER: -Inorganic (minerals) resist compression
-Organic (protein-carb complex/collagen) resists tension
Why does calcification result in death of chondrocytes, while ossification does not
result in death of osteocytes? - ANSWER: Chondroblasts are surrounded by cartilage
matrix and receive oxygen and nutrients by diffusion through the matrix. When the
matrix becomes calcified, diffusion is reduced the the point that the cells die. When
osteoblasts form bone matrix, they connect to one another by their cell processes.
Thus, when the matrix is laid down, canaliculi are formed. Even though the ossified
bone matrix is dense and prevents significant diffusion, the osteocytes can receive
gases and nutrients through the canaliculi or by movement form one osteocyte to
another.
Describe the process of endochondral ossification. - ANSWER: 1. Hyaline cartilage is
covered with fibrous perichondrium
2. In middle of cartilage (primary oss. center), chondrocytes die, and the thin wall
calcify. Perichondrium cells become osteoblasts and form bony collar-periosteum.
3. Blood vessels grow into primary oss. center. Osteoclasts come and hollow out
calcified center (primary marrow cavity). Osteoblasts come and deposit bone,
thickening shaft. Second oss. center develops at ends of bone.
4. Second oss. center hollows out secondary marrow cavity. Dividing line is formed-
metaphysis.
, 5. Epiphyseal plate surrounding by metaphysis exists; enables bones to grow in
length and width.
6. No more cartilage=no more room to grow; only cartilage is articular cartilage,
which needs to stay mushy
What is the effect of inadequate levels of calcium in the diet of an adult on the
skeleton? - ANSWER: Since we need calcium for everything, the parathyroid
hormone stimulates osteoclast activity and breaks down bones to release calcium.
Bones become brittle and porous.
The epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified in our youth. On the other hand, the
articular cartilage does not become ossified. Why is that advantageous? - ANSWER:
Growth of articular cartilage results in an increase in the size of the epiphyses. This is
only one of the functions of articular cartilage; it also forms a smooth, resilient
covering over the ends of the epiphyses within joints. Ossified articular cartilage
could not perform that function.
A 12 year old girl produces relatively large amount of estrogen, a sex hormone that
stimulates growth of the epiphyseal plate, as well as the rate of ossification. How will
that affect her height in future months? At the age of 25? - ANSWER: Her growth for
the next few months increases, and she may be taller than a typical 12-year-old
female. Because the epiphyseal plates ossify earlier than normal, however, her
height at age 18 will be less than otherwise expected.
Why do astronauts experience a dramatic decrease in bone density? - ANSWER:
When a limb is immobilized in a cast, when an astronaut experiences zero gravity, or
whenever a person lies down, the weight-bearing bones of the body such as those in
the spine and leg, are relieved of their burden, a condition known as skeletal
unloading.
When skeletal unloading persists for several weeks, bones start to deteriorate: the
number of bone cells decreases, movement into the bone of such minerals as
calcium and phosphorous slows, and production of bone-cell precursors called
osteoprogenitor cells diminishes.
All these changes result in weakened, brittle bones prone to fracture. `
In Rickets the long bones become abnormally long. Why? - ANSWER: Epiphyseal
plates cannot be calcified, therefore they continue to widen and causes the ends of
long bones to become abnormally long and enlarged
Which of the following is correct? - ANSWER: a. Calcified cartilage is the major
component of the bone tissue
b. The chondrocyets are responsible for calcification of the cartilage matrix
c. The epiphyseal plate marks the primary ossification center
d. During bone growth the diaphysis does not grow in length
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. - ANSWER:
Osteoblast
Exam GRADED A+
Describe the cells of the bone tissue - ANSWER: -Osteogenic cells
-Osteoblasts
-Osteocytes
-Osteoclasts
What membrane lines the internal canals and the small cavities of the compact and
spongy bones? - ANSWER: Endosteum
What is the periosteum composed of? - ANSWER: -Dense irregular connective tissue
-Collagen fibers
-Outer fibrous layer has fibroblasts
-Inner layer has progenitor cells that become osteoblasts
Describe the matrix of the bone tissue - ANSWER: -Stony matter surrounding
osteocytes and lacunae
-1/3 organic (collagen and protein-carb complex) and 2/3 inorganic (CaK, CaCO3...)
-gives bone flexibility and strength
-Minerals resist compression
-Collagen resists tension
Compare the function of the organic and the inorganic material in the bone matrix -
ANSWER: -Inorganic (minerals) resist compression
-Organic (protein-carb complex/collagen) resists tension
Why does calcification result in death of chondrocytes, while ossification does not
result in death of osteocytes? - ANSWER: Chondroblasts are surrounded by cartilage
matrix and receive oxygen and nutrients by diffusion through the matrix. When the
matrix becomes calcified, diffusion is reduced the the point that the cells die. When
osteoblasts form bone matrix, they connect to one another by their cell processes.
Thus, when the matrix is laid down, canaliculi are formed. Even though the ossified
bone matrix is dense and prevents significant diffusion, the osteocytes can receive
gases and nutrients through the canaliculi or by movement form one osteocyte to
another.
Describe the process of endochondral ossification. - ANSWER: 1. Hyaline cartilage is
covered with fibrous perichondrium
2. In middle of cartilage (primary oss. center), chondrocytes die, and the thin wall
calcify. Perichondrium cells become osteoblasts and form bony collar-periosteum.
3. Blood vessels grow into primary oss. center. Osteoclasts come and hollow out
calcified center (primary marrow cavity). Osteoblasts come and deposit bone,
thickening shaft. Second oss. center develops at ends of bone.
4. Second oss. center hollows out secondary marrow cavity. Dividing line is formed-
metaphysis.
, 5. Epiphyseal plate surrounding by metaphysis exists; enables bones to grow in
length and width.
6. No more cartilage=no more room to grow; only cartilage is articular cartilage,
which needs to stay mushy
What is the effect of inadequate levels of calcium in the diet of an adult on the
skeleton? - ANSWER: Since we need calcium for everything, the parathyroid
hormone stimulates osteoclast activity and breaks down bones to release calcium.
Bones become brittle and porous.
The epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified in our youth. On the other hand, the
articular cartilage does not become ossified. Why is that advantageous? - ANSWER:
Growth of articular cartilage results in an increase in the size of the epiphyses. This is
only one of the functions of articular cartilage; it also forms a smooth, resilient
covering over the ends of the epiphyses within joints. Ossified articular cartilage
could not perform that function.
A 12 year old girl produces relatively large amount of estrogen, a sex hormone that
stimulates growth of the epiphyseal plate, as well as the rate of ossification. How will
that affect her height in future months? At the age of 25? - ANSWER: Her growth for
the next few months increases, and she may be taller than a typical 12-year-old
female. Because the epiphyseal plates ossify earlier than normal, however, her
height at age 18 will be less than otherwise expected.
Why do astronauts experience a dramatic decrease in bone density? - ANSWER:
When a limb is immobilized in a cast, when an astronaut experiences zero gravity, or
whenever a person lies down, the weight-bearing bones of the body such as those in
the spine and leg, are relieved of their burden, a condition known as skeletal
unloading.
When skeletal unloading persists for several weeks, bones start to deteriorate: the
number of bone cells decreases, movement into the bone of such minerals as
calcium and phosphorous slows, and production of bone-cell precursors called
osteoprogenitor cells diminishes.
All these changes result in weakened, brittle bones prone to fracture. `
In Rickets the long bones become abnormally long. Why? - ANSWER: Epiphyseal
plates cannot be calcified, therefore they continue to widen and causes the ends of
long bones to become abnormally long and enlarged
Which of the following is correct? - ANSWER: a. Calcified cartilage is the major
component of the bone tissue
b. The chondrocyets are responsible for calcification of the cartilage matrix
c. The epiphyseal plate marks the primary ossification center
d. During bone growth the diaphysis does not grow in length
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. - ANSWER:
Osteoblast
