AP Human Geography Unit 2 - For Review

AP Human Geography Unit 2 - For Review Agricultural density ️️The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture What is **replacement fertility rate**, and why is it important for population stability? ️️ The replacement fertility rate is the average number of children each woman must have to maintain a stable population, usually estimated at 2.1 children per woman. It’s important because it ensures that a population replaces itself without growing or shrinking, helping maintain a balanced age structure. How does **environmental push factor** differ from an **economic push factor**? Give an example of each. ️️ Environmental push factors are natural or ecological issues that drive people away, like droughts or natural disasters (e.g., a family leaving a region due to a hurricane). Economic push factors relate to financial hardships, like unemployment or low wages (e.g., moving away due to lack of job opportunities). What is **asylum**, and how does it differ from **refugee status**? ️️ Asylum is protection granted by a country to a foreign individual fleeing persecution or danger in their home country. Refugee status is similar, but asylum is often sought after arriving in the host country, whereas refugee status is granted before arriving, usually through international organizations. Describe the concept of **population aging** and its potential economic impact. ️️ Population aging occurs when the proportion of elderly individuals increases due to low birth rates and high life expectancy. It can lead to economic challenges, such as increased healthcare costs, pension pressures, and a reduced workforce, potentially slowing economic growth and creating fiscal strain. What are **megacities**, and what challenges do they often face? ️️ Megacities are cities with populations exceeding 10 million people, such as Tokyo and Lagos. They face challenges like overcrowding, traffic congestion, pollution, housing shortages, and strain on infrastructure and services, which can affect the quality of life and sustainability. Explain **crude death rate (CDR)** and how it’s used in population studies. ️️ Crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. It helps measure population health and stability, providing insights into factors affecting mortality, such as healthcare quality, living conditions, and age structure. What is **transnational migration**, and how does it differ from internal migration? ️️ Transnational migration is the movement of people across international borders, while internal migration is within a single country. Transnational migrants establish lives in more than one country, often maintaining connections with both their origin and destination countries, affecting cultural exchange and economies. Define **dependency ratio** and explain its impact on society. ️️ The dependency ratio is the ratio of non-working (young and elderly) to working-age people. A high dependency ratio can strain resources, as fewer workers must support dependents, affecting economic productivity, healthcare, education, and social services. What is **chain migration**, and how does it influence settlement patterns? ️️ Chain migration is when individuals migrate to a new location based on family or community ties, following friends or relatives who have already moved. It leads to clustered settlement patterns, where communities from the same origin often live in close proximity, creating cultural enclaves. How does **life expectancy** differ between developing and developed countries? ️️ Life expectancy is generally lower in developing countries due to limited access to healthcare, lower living standards, and poorer nutrition. In developed countries, life expectancy is higher, with better healthcare, higher standards of living, and advanced medical care. What is **graying population**, and why is it significant in developed countries? ️️ A graying population refers to an increasing number of elderly individuals in a population. In developed countries, this trend is significant because it raises healthcare and pension costs and can lead to labor shortages, impacting economic growth and social services. Explain the role of **fertility rate** in determining future population trends. ️️ Fertility rate, or the average number of children per woman, plays a key role in shaping future population trends. High fertility rates lead to population growth, while low fertility rates can lead to stabilization or decline, affecting age structure, workforce size, and economic demands. What is **circular migration**, and why do people engage in it? ️️ Circular migration is the repeated movement of individuals between their home and another location, often for work or seasonal employment. People engage in it to maintain family and community ties while taking advantage of temporary work opportunities, balancing economic benefits with social connections. Describe the **concept of carrying capacity** in relation to human populations. ️️ Carrying capacity is the maximum number of people that an environment can support sustainably based on available resources. When a population exceeds its carrying capacity, resource shortages, environmental degradation, and a decrease in living standards can occur. What is **internal displacement**, and how does it differ from international migration? ️️ Internal displacement involves people being forced to move within their own country, often due to conflict, disasters, or violence. Unlike international migration, internally displaced persons (IDPs) do not cross international borders and often remain close to their home regions. Define **youth dependency ratio** and discuss its implications for a country’s future. ️️ The youth dependency ratio is the proportion of young dependents (under 15) to the working age population. High youth dependency suggests future workforce growth, but also indicates current needs for education and healthcare resources, impacting government budgets and future economic potential. arithmetic density ️️The total number of people divided by the total land area. carrying capacity ️️The number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation cohort ️️the largest number of people that the environment of