AP Human Geography Unit 2 Verified Solutions

AP Human Geography Unit 2 Verified Solutions Age Distribution ️️the distributions of age in a population Carrying Capacity ️️the largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support What is **arithmetic density**, and how is it calculated? ️️ Arithmetic density is the total number of people per unit of land area. It’s calculated by dividing the total population by the total land area, providing a basic measure of population density that doesn’t consider land usability or arability. Explain the concept of **net migration rate** and how it affects population size. ️️ Net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 people in a population. A positive net migration rate indicates more people are entering than leaving, increasing the population, while a negative rate shows more people leaving, decreasing the population. What is a **refugee crisis**, and what factors can lead to it? ️️ A refugee crisis occurs when large numbers of people are forced to flee their home country due to war, persecution, or disasters, overwhelming receiving regions. Factors leading to a refugee crisis include armed conflict, natural disasters, political oppression, and environmental changes. Define **ecumene** and give an example of an area with a high ecumene. ️️ Ecumene refers to the inhabited or settled areas of the world, where humans have permanent residence and economic activity. An example of a high ecumene area is Western Europe, with dense populations and highly developed infrastructure. What is **total fertility rate (TFR)**, and why is it significant in demographic studies? ️️ Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime. It is significant because it influences future population growth, with a TFR above 2.1 indicating potential population growth, while a TFR below 2.1 suggests population stabilization or decline. Describe the relationship between **urbanization** and **economic development**. ️️ Urbanization is often linked to economic development, as cities provide access to jobs, services, and infrastructure, supporting industry and innovation. As economies develop, people tend to migrate from rural to urban areas, driving economic growth, although it can also lead to overcrowding and inequality in urban centers. What does the term **crude birth rate (CBR)** refer to, and how is it calculated? ️️ Crude birth rate (CBR) refers to the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. It’s calculated by dividing the number of live births by the total population, then multiplying by 1,000, providing a basic measure of population growth. What are **guest workers**, and why are they significant in certain economies? ️️ Guest workers are individuals who migrate temporarily to another country for work, often in sectors with labor shortages, such as agriculture, construction, and hospitality. They are significant because they help meet labor demands, often contributing to the economy while supporting families back home through remittances. Explain the concept of **age-sex structure** and how it affects social policies. ️️ Age-sex structure refers to the distribution of a population based on age and gender. It affects social policies because different age groups have unique needs; for example, a large elderly population may require increased healthcare funding, while a younger population might need more investment in education. What is **overcrowding**, and what challenges does it present in urban areas? ️️ Overcrowding is a situation where the population density exceeds the area’s carrying capacity, leading to issues like inadequate housing, traffic congestion, strain on public services, and higher rates of pollution. Overcrowding challenges urban planners to improve infrastructure and manage resource allocation effectively. How does the **infant mortality rate (IMR)** reflect a country’s development? ️️ Infant mortality rate (IMR) reflects the number of deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births. A high IMR often indicates lower development levels, with limited access to healthcare and poor living conditions, while a low IMR usually suggests higher development with better healthcare and living standards. Define **step migration** and provide an example. ️️ Step migration is the process of migrating in stages, often from a rural area to a small town, then to a larger city, before reaching the final destination. An example is a rural worker moving first to a local town, then to a regional city, and finally to a major urban center for better job opportunities. What is **seasonal migration**, and why do people engage in it? ️️ Seasonal migration is the temporary movement of people for work or other reasons during specific seasons, such as farm workers moving to harvest crops. People engage in it to meet economic needs or to take advantage of employment opportunities that are only available at certain times of the year. Explain the **difference between population density** and **population distribution**. ️️ Population density measures the number of people per unit of land area, while population distribution describes how people are spread across a region or country. Density is a quantitative measure, while distribution indicates the spatial arrangement of people. What is **demographic momentum** and how does it affect population growth even when birth rates decline? ️️ Demographic momentum is the tendency for population growth to continue despite a drop in birth rates, due to a high proportion of young people who will soon enter their childbearing years. This can lead to continued growth for a period until the population structure adjusts to lower birth rates. Describe the concept of **internal migration** and its impact on regional development. ️️ Internal migration is the movement of people within a country, often from rural to urban areas or from economically weaker to more prosperous regions. It impacts regional development by redistributing labor, increasing urbanization, and sometimes leaving rural areas with fewer resources and a declining population. Cohort ️️a population group that's distinguished by a certain characteristic Demographic Equation ️️equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population during a certain period of time, also taking into account net migration and natural increase Demographic Transition Model ️️sequence of demographic changes in which a country mover from a high CDR and a high CBR, to having a low CDR and a low CBR Dependency Ratio ️️ratio of the economically dependent part of the population to the productive part Doubling Time ️️time it takes for a country to double its population Ecumene ️️meeting place for the world's religions and ideologies Infant Mortality Rate ️️however many infants die per thousand per year J-curve ️️the correlation between stability and openness Maladaptation ️️an adaptation that does more harm than good Thomas Malthus ️️British demographer that suggested that a massive plague or epidemic would 'check' the population Mortality ️️, and mortality rate being how many people die per thousand, CDR Natality ️️birth rate, or CBR Neo-Malthusian ️️Advocacy of population control programs to enough resources for current and future populations Population Densities ️️measurements of number of people per