NURS549 Midterm Exam Study Set
Drugs responsible for Hyperuricemia - Answer Loop and Thiazides
Difference between drugs best suited to cross the membrane - Answer Lipid
(un-ionized) soluble drugs the best usually passive form
Water soluble are ionzied must be small to pass through memebrane
first pass effect - Answer concentration of a drug given orally is greatly reduced before
it reaches systemic circulation
It is the fraction of lost drug during the process of oral absorption which is related to
liver metabolism
Effect of pH - Answer Drugs pass through readily when unchanged (unprotonated)
A weak acid in a acidic environment
A weak base in a basic environment
Drug Distribution - Answer process by which a drug reversibly leaves the blood stream
and enters the interstitium ( extracellular fluid) and then the cells of the tissues
Volume of distribution (Vd) - Answer A hypothetical volume of fluid into which a drug is
dispensed
Plasma protein binding - Answer Albumin can reversibly bind a drug and sequester the
drug in a non-diffusible form
First order kinetics - Answer non-linear or exponential - a constant fraction of the drug is
metabolized
Zero order kinetics - Answer Linear - a constant amount of drug is metabolized not
based on drug concentration
steady state plasma concentration - Answer plasma concentration of drug when the
maintenance rate of drug administration is equal to the rate of elimination
factors that affect steady state plasma concentration - Answer Directly proportional to
infusion rate
Inversely proportional to clearance of the drug
4 major receptor families - Answer 1. Transmembrane Ligand-Gated ion channel-
regulates ion flow ex. nicotinic nuerotransmiters
2. Transmembrane G Protein- coupled receptor- most abundant linked to gprotein for
second messanger ex. alpha and beta, muscarinic
,3. Enzyme linked receptor- activates or inhibits intracellular enzymes ex.insulin
4. Intracellular receptor-most diffuse through the membrane to engage. ex. hormones
second messenger - Answer effector molecules that relay signals from recptors on cell
surface to target molecules inside the cell in the cystoplasm or nucleus
Therapeutic index - Answer the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic(desired and
effective) concentrations of a drug in an individual
TD50/ED50
the smaller the value the less safe
TD50 - Answer toxic dose in 50% of the population
ED50 - Answer Effective dose in 50% of the population
EC50 - Answer drug dose the shows 50% of maximal response in an individual
Potency - Answer measure of an amount of drug neccessary to produce an effect
efficacy - Answer the ability of a drug to elicit a response
Graded dose response curve - Answer based on an individual
As the concentration of a drug increases, the magnitude of its pharmacologic effect
increases
Quantal dose-response curve - Answer plots the fraction of the population that respond
to given drug
describes the concentration of a drug that produce a given effect in a population
Adrenergic receptors - Answer receptor activated by Norepinephrine
1. Alpha
2. Beta
Cholinergic Receptors - Answer Receptors activated by acetylcholine
1.Nicotinic
2.Muscarinic
somatic nervous system - Answer works on skeletal muscle
no ganglia
acetylcholine(ACH) on Nicotinic receptors
autonomic nervous system - Answer includes sympathetic innnervation of the adrenal
, medulla.
ACH-nicotinic receptor-adrenal medulla -Epi released into blood- Adrenergic receptor
the sympatheic
ACH-nicotinic receptor -Norepi (post ganglia)-adrenergic
parasympatheic systems
ACH-nicotinic receptor -ACE(post ganaglia)-Muscarinic
Cholinergic agonists - Answer act on receptors that are activated by ACH
Nicotinic - ligand gated ion always excitatory
Muscarinic - G protein excite and inhibit
affect all except the sympathetic effector organ
Direct acting cholinergic agonist - Answer Acts at the receptor to mimic ACH with a
longer duration of action
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists - Answer Inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase,
which breaks down ACh
Results in more ACh available at the receptors
Effects of the Cholinergic Agonists - Answer -Cardiovascular: decrease HR and FOC
-GI: increase tone and motility, increase peristalsis and secretions, relax sphincter
muscles
-GU: contract bladder and relax sphincter muscles, stimulate urination
-Eye: constrict pupils
-Lungs: bronchial constriction, increase
secretions
-Glands: increase salivation, perspiration, and tears(SLUDD-Salivation,lacrimation,
urination,defecation,digestion)
-Striated muscle: increase neuromuscular transmission, maintain muscle strength and
tone
- Blood vessels- endothelium respond and release Nitric Oxide which vasodilates
smooth muscle
Drugs responsible for Hyperuricemia - Answer Loop and Thiazides
Difference between drugs best suited to cross the membrane - Answer Lipid
(un-ionized) soluble drugs the best usually passive form
Water soluble are ionzied must be small to pass through memebrane
first pass effect - Answer concentration of a drug given orally is greatly reduced before
it reaches systemic circulation
It is the fraction of lost drug during the process of oral absorption which is related to
liver metabolism
Effect of pH - Answer Drugs pass through readily when unchanged (unprotonated)
A weak acid in a acidic environment
A weak base in a basic environment
Drug Distribution - Answer process by which a drug reversibly leaves the blood stream
and enters the interstitium ( extracellular fluid) and then the cells of the tissues
Volume of distribution (Vd) - Answer A hypothetical volume of fluid into which a drug is
dispensed
Plasma protein binding - Answer Albumin can reversibly bind a drug and sequester the
drug in a non-diffusible form
First order kinetics - Answer non-linear or exponential - a constant fraction of the drug is
metabolized
Zero order kinetics - Answer Linear - a constant amount of drug is metabolized not
based on drug concentration
steady state plasma concentration - Answer plasma concentration of drug when the
maintenance rate of drug administration is equal to the rate of elimination
factors that affect steady state plasma concentration - Answer Directly proportional to
infusion rate
Inversely proportional to clearance of the drug
4 major receptor families - Answer 1. Transmembrane Ligand-Gated ion channel-
regulates ion flow ex. nicotinic nuerotransmiters
2. Transmembrane G Protein- coupled receptor- most abundant linked to gprotein for
second messanger ex. alpha and beta, muscarinic
,3. Enzyme linked receptor- activates or inhibits intracellular enzymes ex.insulin
4. Intracellular receptor-most diffuse through the membrane to engage. ex. hormones
second messenger - Answer effector molecules that relay signals from recptors on cell
surface to target molecules inside the cell in the cystoplasm or nucleus
Therapeutic index - Answer the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic(desired and
effective) concentrations of a drug in an individual
TD50/ED50
the smaller the value the less safe
TD50 - Answer toxic dose in 50% of the population
ED50 - Answer Effective dose in 50% of the population
EC50 - Answer drug dose the shows 50% of maximal response in an individual
Potency - Answer measure of an amount of drug neccessary to produce an effect
efficacy - Answer the ability of a drug to elicit a response
Graded dose response curve - Answer based on an individual
As the concentration of a drug increases, the magnitude of its pharmacologic effect
increases
Quantal dose-response curve - Answer plots the fraction of the population that respond
to given drug
describes the concentration of a drug that produce a given effect in a population
Adrenergic receptors - Answer receptor activated by Norepinephrine
1. Alpha
2. Beta
Cholinergic Receptors - Answer Receptors activated by acetylcholine
1.Nicotinic
2.Muscarinic
somatic nervous system - Answer works on skeletal muscle
no ganglia
acetylcholine(ACH) on Nicotinic receptors
autonomic nervous system - Answer includes sympathetic innnervation of the adrenal
, medulla.
ACH-nicotinic receptor-adrenal medulla -Epi released into blood- Adrenergic receptor
the sympatheic
ACH-nicotinic receptor -Norepi (post ganglia)-adrenergic
parasympatheic systems
ACH-nicotinic receptor -ACE(post ganaglia)-Muscarinic
Cholinergic agonists - Answer act on receptors that are activated by ACH
Nicotinic - ligand gated ion always excitatory
Muscarinic - G protein excite and inhibit
affect all except the sympathetic effector organ
Direct acting cholinergic agonist - Answer Acts at the receptor to mimic ACH with a
longer duration of action
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists - Answer Inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase,
which breaks down ACh
Results in more ACh available at the receptors
Effects of the Cholinergic Agonists - Answer -Cardiovascular: decrease HR and FOC
-GI: increase tone and motility, increase peristalsis and secretions, relax sphincter
muscles
-GU: contract bladder and relax sphincter muscles, stimulate urination
-Eye: constrict pupils
-Lungs: bronchial constriction, increase
secretions
-Glands: increase salivation, perspiration, and tears(SLUDD-Salivation,lacrimation,
urination,defecation,digestion)
-Striated muscle: increase neuromuscular transmission, maintain muscle strength and
tone
- Blood vessels- endothelium respond and release Nitric Oxide which vasodilates
smooth muscle
