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CONTENT PAGE
S/NO CHAPTER PAGE NO
SECTION I: MEASUREMENT 3
1 Measurement 4
SECTION II: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS 9
2 Kinematics 10
3 Dynamics 11
4 Forces 14
5 Work, Energy and Power 16
6 Motion in a Circle 18
7 Gravitational Field 19
8 Oscillations 23
SECTION III: THERMAL PHYSICS 27
9 Thermal Physics 28
SECTION IV: WAVES 31
10 Wave Motion 32
11 Superposition 35
SECTION V: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 40
12 Electric Fields 41
13 Current of Electricity 45
14 D.C. Circuits 49
15 Electromagnetism 53
16 Electromagnetic Induction 58
17 Alternating Currents 63
SECTION VI: MODERN PHYSICS 65
18 Quantum Physics 66
19 Lasers & Semiconductors 71
20 Nuclear Physics 74
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SECTION I
MEASUREMENT
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Chapter 1: Measurement
- SI Units
- Errors and Uncertainties
- Scalars and Vectors
a. Recall the following base quantities and their units; mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A),
temperature (K), amount of substance (mol).
SI Units
Base Quantities
Name Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Amount of substance mole mol
Temperature Kelvin K
Current ampere A
Luminous intensity candela cd
b. Express derived units as products or quotients of the base units and use the named units listed in
„Summary of Key Quantities, Symbols and Units‟ as appropriate.
A derived unit can be expressed in terms of products or quotients of base units.
Derived Quantities Equation Derived Units
2 2
Area (A) A=L m
3 3
Volume (V) V=L m
m kg
= V
-3
Density ()
m = kg m
3
L m -1
Velocity (v) v= t s =ms
-1
v ms -2
Acceleration (a) a= t s =ms
-1 -1
Momentum (p) p=mxv (kg)(m s ) = kg m s
Derived Unit
Derived Quantities Equation Derived Units
Special Name Symbol
-1
p kg m s -2
Force (F) F= t Newton N = kg m s
s
-2
F kg m s -1 -2
Pressure (p) p=A Pascal Pa 2 = kg m s
m
-2 2 -2
Energy (E) E=Fxd joule J (kg m s )(m) = kg m s
2 -2
E kg m s 2 -3
Power (P) P= t watt W = kg m s
s
1 1 -1
Frequency (f) f= t hertz Hz
s=s
Charge (Q) Q=Ixt coulomb C As
2 -2
Potential Difference E kg m s 2 -3 -1
V=Q volt V = kg m s A
(V) As
2 -3 -1
V kg m s A
Resistance (R) R= I ohm 2 -3 -2
= kg m s A
A
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c. Show an understanding of and use the conventions for labelling graph axes and table columns as
set out in the ASE publication SI Units, Signs, Symbols and Systematics (The ASE Companion to 5-
16 Science, 1995).
Self-explanatory
d. Use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples or multiples of both
base and derived units: pico (p), nano (n), micro (), milIi (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (K), mega (M),
giga (G), tera (T).
Multiplying Factor Prefix Symbol
-12
10 pico p
-9
10 nano n
-6
10 micro
-3
10 milli m
-2
10 centi c
-1
10 deci d
3
10 kilo k
6
10 mega M
9
10 giga G
12
10 tera T
e. Make reasonable estimates of physical quantities included within the syllabus.
When making an estimate, it is only reasonable to give the figure to 1 or at most 2 significant figures since
an estimate is not very precise.
Physical Quantity Reasonable Estimate
Mass of 3 cans (330 ml) of Coke 1 kg
Mass of a medium-sized car 1000 kg
Length of a football field 100 m
Reaction time of a young man 0.2 s
- Occasionally, students are asked to estimate the area under a graph. The usual method of
counting squares within the enclosed area is used. (eg. Topic 3 (Dynamics), N94P2Q1c)
- Often, when making an estimate, a formula and a simple calculation may be involved.
EXAMPLE 1E1
Estimate the average running speed of a typical 17-year-old‟s 2.4-km run.
distance
velocity = time
2400
= 12.5 x 60 = 3.2
3ms
-1
EXAMPLE 1E2 (N08/ I/ 2)
Which estimate is realistic?
Option Explanation
A The kinetic energy of a A bus of mass m travelling on an expressway will travel between 50 to
-1 -1
bus travelling on an 80 km h , which is 13.8 to 22.2 m s . Thus, its KE will be approximately
2
expressway is 30 000 J ½ m(18 ) = 162m. Thus, for its KE to be 30 000J: 162m = 30 000. Thus,
m = 185kg, which is an absurd weight for a bus; ie. This is not a realistic
estimate.
B The power of a domestic A single light bulb in the house usually runs at about 20 W to 60 W.
light is 300 W. Thus, a domestic light is unlikely to run at more than 200W; this estimate
is rather high.
0
C The temperature of a hot 300K = 27 C. Not very hot.
oven is 300 K.
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CONTENT PAGE
S/NO CHAPTER PAGE NO
SECTION I: MEASUREMENT 3
1 Measurement 4
SECTION II: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS 9
2 Kinematics 10
3 Dynamics 11
4 Forces 14
5 Work, Energy and Power 16
6 Motion in a Circle 18
7 Gravitational Field 19
8 Oscillations 23
SECTION III: THERMAL PHYSICS 27
9 Thermal Physics 28
SECTION IV: WAVES 31
10 Wave Motion 32
11 Superposition 35
SECTION V: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 40
12 Electric Fields 41
13 Current of Electricity 45
14 D.C. Circuits 49
15 Electromagnetism 53
16 Electromagnetic Induction 58
17 Alternating Currents 63
SECTION VI: MODERN PHYSICS 65
18 Quantum Physics 66
19 Lasers & Semiconductors 71
20 Nuclear Physics 74
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SECTION I
MEASUREMENT
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Chapter 1: Measurement
- SI Units
- Errors and Uncertainties
- Scalars and Vectors
a. Recall the following base quantities and their units; mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A),
temperature (K), amount of substance (mol).
SI Units
Base Quantities
Name Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Amount of substance mole mol
Temperature Kelvin K
Current ampere A
Luminous intensity candela cd
b. Express derived units as products or quotients of the base units and use the named units listed in
„Summary of Key Quantities, Symbols and Units‟ as appropriate.
A derived unit can be expressed in terms of products or quotients of base units.
Derived Quantities Equation Derived Units
2 2
Area (A) A=L m
3 3
Volume (V) V=L m
m kg
= V
-3
Density ()
m = kg m
3
L m -1
Velocity (v) v= t s =ms
-1
v ms -2
Acceleration (a) a= t s =ms
-1 -1
Momentum (p) p=mxv (kg)(m s ) = kg m s
Derived Unit
Derived Quantities Equation Derived Units
Special Name Symbol
-1
p kg m s -2
Force (F) F= t Newton N = kg m s
s
-2
F kg m s -1 -2
Pressure (p) p=A Pascal Pa 2 = kg m s
m
-2 2 -2
Energy (E) E=Fxd joule J (kg m s )(m) = kg m s
2 -2
E kg m s 2 -3
Power (P) P= t watt W = kg m s
s
1 1 -1
Frequency (f) f= t hertz Hz
s=s
Charge (Q) Q=Ixt coulomb C As
2 -2
Potential Difference E kg m s 2 -3 -1
V=Q volt V = kg m s A
(V) As
2 -3 -1
V kg m s A
Resistance (R) R= I ohm 2 -3 -2
= kg m s A
A
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c. Show an understanding of and use the conventions for labelling graph axes and table columns as
set out in the ASE publication SI Units, Signs, Symbols and Systematics (The ASE Companion to 5-
16 Science, 1995).
Self-explanatory
d. Use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples or multiples of both
base and derived units: pico (p), nano (n), micro (), milIi (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (K), mega (M),
giga (G), tera (T).
Multiplying Factor Prefix Symbol
-12
10 pico p
-9
10 nano n
-6
10 micro
-3
10 milli m
-2
10 centi c
-1
10 deci d
3
10 kilo k
6
10 mega M
9
10 giga G
12
10 tera T
e. Make reasonable estimates of physical quantities included within the syllabus.
When making an estimate, it is only reasonable to give the figure to 1 or at most 2 significant figures since
an estimate is not very precise.
Physical Quantity Reasonable Estimate
Mass of 3 cans (330 ml) of Coke 1 kg
Mass of a medium-sized car 1000 kg
Length of a football field 100 m
Reaction time of a young man 0.2 s
- Occasionally, students are asked to estimate the area under a graph. The usual method of
counting squares within the enclosed area is used. (eg. Topic 3 (Dynamics), N94P2Q1c)
- Often, when making an estimate, a formula and a simple calculation may be involved.
EXAMPLE 1E1
Estimate the average running speed of a typical 17-year-old‟s 2.4-km run.
distance
velocity = time
2400
= 12.5 x 60 = 3.2
3ms
-1
EXAMPLE 1E2 (N08/ I/ 2)
Which estimate is realistic?
Option Explanation
A The kinetic energy of a A bus of mass m travelling on an expressway will travel between 50 to
-1 -1
bus travelling on an 80 km h , which is 13.8 to 22.2 m s . Thus, its KE will be approximately
2
expressway is 30 000 J ½ m(18 ) = 162m. Thus, for its KE to be 30 000J: 162m = 30 000. Thus,
m = 185kg, which is an absurd weight for a bus; ie. This is not a realistic
estimate.
B The power of a domestic A single light bulb in the house usually runs at about 20 W to 60 W.
light is 300 W. Thus, a domestic light is unlikely to run at more than 200W; this estimate
is rather high.
0
C The temperature of a hot 300K = 27 C. Not very hot.
oven is 300 K.
- PAGE 5 -
