Exam 1: Chapters: 16-19
Population - correct answer ✔a group of individuals of the same species that
live in the same area at the same time
Phenotype - correct answer ✔The way an organism appears/behaves due to
its genetic makeup
Genotype - correct answer ✔An organism's genetic makeup, or allele
combinations.
Variation - correct answer ✔The extant to which phenotypes differ from
individual to individual
Homozygous - correct answer ✔An organism that has two identical alleles
for a trait
Heterozygous - correct answer ✔An organism that has two different alleles
for a trait
Alleles - correct answer ✔Different versions of the same gene
point mutation - correct answer ✔gene mutation in which a single base pair
in DNA has been changed
independent assortment - correct answer ✔Alleles of different genes are
sorted into gametes independently
Meaning the allele received from one gene is not affected by the allele
received by another gene
,environmental gradient - correct answer ✔the gradual change in an
environmental factor from one place to another
exclusion experiment - correct answer ✔where one or more species are
excluded from experimental plots or habitats
Variation may occur due to _______ factors, such as... - correct answer
✔environmental, pollution or presence/absence of predator's as is the case
with barnacles and snails
regression - correct answer ✔the statistical technique of fitting a simple
equation to real data points
Residuals - correct answer ✔the difference between an observed value of
the response variable and the value predicted by the regression line
What does the squared residuals show? - correct answer ✔The value shows
the distance between the regression line and the data with this value wanting
to be minimized for further accuracy.
squared residual equation - correct answer ✔Sum of: (y actual - y
predicted)^2
Rats and Blood Pressure: What does Figure 16.2 show? - correct answer
✔Studied the relationship of the gene version of subunit beta-adducin and
alpha-adducin to blood pressure
,Rats and Blood Pressure: What does figure 16.2 show regarding allele and
blood pressure group? - correct answer ✔HBP: Homozygous
alpha^y/alpha^y and beta^R,beta^R
LBP: Homozygous alpha^F/alpha^F, B^-/B^- (minus meaning it can be
dominant or recessive)
Rats and Blood Pressure: How does beta-adducin allele affect the LBP group
of rats? Figure 1.6.4 - correct answer ✔Different beta adducin alleles can
have an effect on observed blood pressure even if the alpha adduction alleles
are of the low pressure group
Rats and Blood Pressure: As noted in Fig. 16.5 all 9 different combinations of
adducin alleles have... - correct answer ✔different blood pressures from the
original inbred LBP and HBP groups showing how variation occurs through
gene mixing
Independent assortment allows ____ variation - correct answer ✔even more
Plants and Pollution: As shown in Fig. 16.7 plants may be effected by pollution
in that... - correct answer ✔some variation may occur from environmental
factors, but this is not always the case
What is an important take away of Fig 16.8 explaining the relationship
between Barnacles and Predator Presence/Absence? - correct answer ✔-
Presence of snail predator will cause barnacles to be mostly bent in shape
with cone shape still present
- Absence of predators will cause barnacles to stay cone shaped only
- When fully formed, bent and cone shaped barnacles were added to an area
with predators, the bent survived better, but without predators they survived
equally
, Law of Segregation - correct answer ✔paired chromosomes move to
opposite nuclei during formation of gametes (meiosis)
law of independet assortment - correct answer ✔non-homologues
chromosomes migrate independently of each other
Hardy-Weingberg Equilbirum - correct answer ✔Predicted proportion of each
offspring genotype is the same as the proportion of each offspring genotype
Meaning "genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one
generation to another in the absence of disturbing factors such as
evolutionary mechanisms"
Evolution ___ when hardy-weinburg equilibrium is ___ met - correct answer
✔occurs, isnt
natural selection - correct answer ✔Adaptive mechanism by which evolution
takes place and is often summarized as differential survival and reproduction
genetic drift - correct answer ✔A change in the allele frequency of a
population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.
gene flow - correct answer ✔movement of alleles from one population to
another
mutations - correct answer ✔a random error in gene replication that leads to
a change
non-random mating - correct answer ✔such as inbreeding can prevent HW
equilibrium such as in isolated populations
Population - correct answer ✔a group of individuals of the same species that
live in the same area at the same time
Phenotype - correct answer ✔The way an organism appears/behaves due to
its genetic makeup
Genotype - correct answer ✔An organism's genetic makeup, or allele
combinations.
Variation - correct answer ✔The extant to which phenotypes differ from
individual to individual
Homozygous - correct answer ✔An organism that has two identical alleles
for a trait
Heterozygous - correct answer ✔An organism that has two different alleles
for a trait
Alleles - correct answer ✔Different versions of the same gene
point mutation - correct answer ✔gene mutation in which a single base pair
in DNA has been changed
independent assortment - correct answer ✔Alleles of different genes are
sorted into gametes independently
Meaning the allele received from one gene is not affected by the allele
received by another gene
,environmental gradient - correct answer ✔the gradual change in an
environmental factor from one place to another
exclusion experiment - correct answer ✔where one or more species are
excluded from experimental plots or habitats
Variation may occur due to _______ factors, such as... - correct answer
✔environmental, pollution or presence/absence of predator's as is the case
with barnacles and snails
regression - correct answer ✔the statistical technique of fitting a simple
equation to real data points
Residuals - correct answer ✔the difference between an observed value of
the response variable and the value predicted by the regression line
What does the squared residuals show? - correct answer ✔The value shows
the distance between the regression line and the data with this value wanting
to be minimized for further accuracy.
squared residual equation - correct answer ✔Sum of: (y actual - y
predicted)^2
Rats and Blood Pressure: What does Figure 16.2 show? - correct answer
✔Studied the relationship of the gene version of subunit beta-adducin and
alpha-adducin to blood pressure
,Rats and Blood Pressure: What does figure 16.2 show regarding allele and
blood pressure group? - correct answer ✔HBP: Homozygous
alpha^y/alpha^y and beta^R,beta^R
LBP: Homozygous alpha^F/alpha^F, B^-/B^- (minus meaning it can be
dominant or recessive)
Rats and Blood Pressure: How does beta-adducin allele affect the LBP group
of rats? Figure 1.6.4 - correct answer ✔Different beta adducin alleles can
have an effect on observed blood pressure even if the alpha adduction alleles
are of the low pressure group
Rats and Blood Pressure: As noted in Fig. 16.5 all 9 different combinations of
adducin alleles have... - correct answer ✔different blood pressures from the
original inbred LBP and HBP groups showing how variation occurs through
gene mixing
Independent assortment allows ____ variation - correct answer ✔even more
Plants and Pollution: As shown in Fig. 16.7 plants may be effected by pollution
in that... - correct answer ✔some variation may occur from environmental
factors, but this is not always the case
What is an important take away of Fig 16.8 explaining the relationship
between Barnacles and Predator Presence/Absence? - correct answer ✔-
Presence of snail predator will cause barnacles to be mostly bent in shape
with cone shape still present
- Absence of predators will cause barnacles to stay cone shaped only
- When fully formed, bent and cone shaped barnacles were added to an area
with predators, the bent survived better, but without predators they survived
equally
, Law of Segregation - correct answer ✔paired chromosomes move to
opposite nuclei during formation of gametes (meiosis)
law of independet assortment - correct answer ✔non-homologues
chromosomes migrate independently of each other
Hardy-Weingberg Equilbirum - correct answer ✔Predicted proportion of each
offspring genotype is the same as the proportion of each offspring genotype
Meaning "genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one
generation to another in the absence of disturbing factors such as
evolutionary mechanisms"
Evolution ___ when hardy-weinburg equilibrium is ___ met - correct answer
✔occurs, isnt
natural selection - correct answer ✔Adaptive mechanism by which evolution
takes place and is often summarized as differential survival and reproduction
genetic drift - correct answer ✔A change in the allele frequency of a
population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.
gene flow - correct answer ✔movement of alleles from one population to
another
mutations - correct answer ✔a random error in gene replication that leads to
a change
non-random mating - correct answer ✔such as inbreeding can prevent HW
equilibrium such as in isolated populations
