Keywords
➢
U rbanisation: The process of more people living in cities and large towns
➢ Megacities: Cities with a population of over 10 million people
➢ Migration: The movement of people for jobs, education and housing from rural
areas to cities
Global patterns of urbanisation
ICs have over 60% of the population living in cities. These include America, Australia and
H
parts of Europe.
NEEs (newly emerging economies) have around 50% of the population living in cities. These
include Russia, China and South Africa
LICs have around 20% of the population living in cities. These include India, Egypt and
many other African countries
Why do cities grow?
● N atural increase: when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. This is common
in NEEs and LICs because improvements to healthcare have reduced the death rate
and there are lots of people aged 18-35
● Rural-urban migration: This is the movement of people from rural due to push and
pull factors
Migration
( Push) Factors to move out of rural areas to the city: Natural hazards, better education,
lively lifestyle, more job opportunities
(Pull) Factors to move out of cities to rural areas: Family links, Better medical facilities,
quieter for retirement, more nature
Rio de Janeiro (NEE)
hy did it grow?
W
Rio is a major NEE, in the last decade, Rio Has grown exponentially. A lot of this is to do
with its physical environment:
➢ Flat land along the coast: Was easy to build upon, saves money because stilts are
not needed.
➢ Stunning natural scenery: Tourist attraction to help create an economy
➢ Long, natural beaches: It can be used as a beach destination, which brings in a
different type of tourist to help create an economy
➢ Bay: Shaped like a natural harbour, good for trade which creates more jobs which
attracts people there to live and work.
io continued growing once it started by hosting the 2014 world cup and the 2016
R
Olympics. IT also became a major international trading area.
, Zones of Rio
➢ North Zone: Industrial and Poor Area: Low quality housing and favelas.
➢ West Zone: Regenerated mix of rich and poor: Luxury apartments, regular housing,
olympic village, shopping malls, recreational facilities
➢ South Zone: Luxury and tourist area: newly developed, main tourist hotels,
wealthiest district.
But - overlooked by the largest favelas in south america, Rocinha
➢ Centro: Historical and Commercial Area: Oldest part of the city, main shopping
area, financial headquarters
Opportunities in Rio
➢ Social Opportunities: In Ipanema and improved areas: Healthcare, Schools, Fresh
water and sanitation
But these are ONLY in the developed parts of Rio
➢ Economic Opportunities: Rio provides 6% of all employment in Brazil with the
variety of: Tourism, Banking, Construction, Retail, Port industries, the trade of
chemical and oil
Challenges in Rocinha (favelas with 250000 population)
➢ Unsanitary: Contaminated water, Waste, Litter, Lack of sanitisation
➢ Overcrowded: Very dense population, Limited road access during emergencies, No
emergency services
➢ Illegal energy: The favelas themselves are illegal settlements. For electricity,
people have to tap into electricity cables illegally which is risky and unsafe (can
electrocute yourself)
➢ Lack of jobs: Low wages﹤$75 a month, 20% unemployment rate
➢ Dangerous: The favelas are controlled by gangs, drug dealers and traffickers. There
is a lot of police brutality and a high murder rate.
➢ Natural hazard: The Rocinha favelas are located on a steep hill overlooking
Copacabana and Ipanema. There is a large risk of a landslide.
➢ Lack of education: The school dropout rate is at 14 years, shortage of teachers and
schools. Young people chose jobs in the drug trade to provide for their families
over education.
➢ Health: Infant mortality is 5%, Open sewage, Pollution which is unsafe to live near,
Burning rubbish which leads to smoke
Solutions to challanges in Rio
➢ Air pollution and traffic congestion → Expansion of the metro system, New toll
roads, Making coast roads one-way during rush hours
➢ Water pollution → 12 new sewage works have been built, ships are fined for
illegally discharging fuel
➢ Waste pollution → A power plant has been set up which consumes 30 tonnes of
rubbish a day and produces enough electricity for 1000 homes
➢
U rbanisation: The process of more people living in cities and large towns
➢ Megacities: Cities with a population of over 10 million people
➢ Migration: The movement of people for jobs, education and housing from rural
areas to cities
Global patterns of urbanisation
ICs have over 60% of the population living in cities. These include America, Australia and
H
parts of Europe.
NEEs (newly emerging economies) have around 50% of the population living in cities. These
include Russia, China and South Africa
LICs have around 20% of the population living in cities. These include India, Egypt and
many other African countries
Why do cities grow?
● N atural increase: when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. This is common
in NEEs and LICs because improvements to healthcare have reduced the death rate
and there are lots of people aged 18-35
● Rural-urban migration: This is the movement of people from rural due to push and
pull factors
Migration
( Push) Factors to move out of rural areas to the city: Natural hazards, better education,
lively lifestyle, more job opportunities
(Pull) Factors to move out of cities to rural areas: Family links, Better medical facilities,
quieter for retirement, more nature
Rio de Janeiro (NEE)
hy did it grow?
W
Rio is a major NEE, in the last decade, Rio Has grown exponentially. A lot of this is to do
with its physical environment:
➢ Flat land along the coast: Was easy to build upon, saves money because stilts are
not needed.
➢ Stunning natural scenery: Tourist attraction to help create an economy
➢ Long, natural beaches: It can be used as a beach destination, which brings in a
different type of tourist to help create an economy
➢ Bay: Shaped like a natural harbour, good for trade which creates more jobs which
attracts people there to live and work.
io continued growing once it started by hosting the 2014 world cup and the 2016
R
Olympics. IT also became a major international trading area.
, Zones of Rio
➢ North Zone: Industrial and Poor Area: Low quality housing and favelas.
➢ West Zone: Regenerated mix of rich and poor: Luxury apartments, regular housing,
olympic village, shopping malls, recreational facilities
➢ South Zone: Luxury and tourist area: newly developed, main tourist hotels,
wealthiest district.
But - overlooked by the largest favelas in south america, Rocinha
➢ Centro: Historical and Commercial Area: Oldest part of the city, main shopping
area, financial headquarters
Opportunities in Rio
➢ Social Opportunities: In Ipanema and improved areas: Healthcare, Schools, Fresh
water and sanitation
But these are ONLY in the developed parts of Rio
➢ Economic Opportunities: Rio provides 6% of all employment in Brazil with the
variety of: Tourism, Banking, Construction, Retail, Port industries, the trade of
chemical and oil
Challenges in Rocinha (favelas with 250000 population)
➢ Unsanitary: Contaminated water, Waste, Litter, Lack of sanitisation
➢ Overcrowded: Very dense population, Limited road access during emergencies, No
emergency services
➢ Illegal energy: The favelas themselves are illegal settlements. For electricity,
people have to tap into electricity cables illegally which is risky and unsafe (can
electrocute yourself)
➢ Lack of jobs: Low wages﹤$75 a month, 20% unemployment rate
➢ Dangerous: The favelas are controlled by gangs, drug dealers and traffickers. There
is a lot of police brutality and a high murder rate.
➢ Natural hazard: The Rocinha favelas are located on a steep hill overlooking
Copacabana and Ipanema. There is a large risk of a landslide.
➢ Lack of education: The school dropout rate is at 14 years, shortage of teachers and
schools. Young people chose jobs in the drug trade to provide for their families
over education.
➢ Health: Infant mortality is 5%, Open sewage, Pollution which is unsafe to live near,
Burning rubbish which leads to smoke
Solutions to challanges in Rio
➢ Air pollution and traffic congestion → Expansion of the metro system, New toll
roads, Making coast roads one-way during rush hours
➢ Water pollution → 12 new sewage works have been built, ships are fined for
illegally discharging fuel
➢ Waste pollution → A power plant has been set up which consumes 30 tonnes of
rubbish a day and produces enough electricity for 1000 homes
