Nu 122 STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Gastrointestinal System - ANSWER The main functions of the gastrointestinal
tract are to digest and absorb ingested nutrients, and to excrete waste
products of digestion.
Alimentary Canal" (GI System) - ANSWER Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Oral Cavity - ANSWER Digestion begins here.
3 pairs of salivary glands.
Saliva is 99.4% water.
Contains digestive enzymes: Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars.
Lysozyme kills oral bacteria.
Tongue.
,Teeth.
Hard & soft palate
Large Intestine - ANSWER 4 regions: ascending, transverse, descending and
sigmoid colon
Main job is reabsorption to make waste solid. Minimal nutrient reabsorption.
Absorption of water and electrolytes Produces vitamin K and some B
vitamins Forms and stores fecal mass Secretes mucus
Defecation—Valsalva maneuver
Anus: - ANSWER Function: exit of feces.
Internal sphincter- involuntary muscle.
External sphincter- voluntary muscle.
Liver - ANSWER Carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid metabolism,
Glycogen storage, Waste product removal,
Bile production- emulsifies fats,Vitamin A,B, K storage.
Breakdown of drugs/alcohol,Makes clotting factors.
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Removal of hormones
Removal of antibodies
Removal rbc's
,Removal/storage of toxins
Bile - ANSWER Bile needed for fat emulsification.
Consists mainly of bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, conjugated bilirubin,
electrolytes, and water.
Bilirubin is derived from breakdown of hemoglobin.
Bile travels through the liver in a series of ducts, eventually exiting through
the common hepatic duct.
Pancreas - ANSWER Digestive and endocrine organ.
Produces digestive enzymes. Amylase, lipase, protease.
Connects via the pancreatic duct to duodenum.
Effects of Aging on GI Organs - ANSWER Esophagus: ↓ strength of
contractions.
Stomach: lining more susceptible to damage, ↓ elasticity and ↓ rate of
emptying.
Small Intestine: ↓motility, bacterial overgrowth causes bloating, nutrient
deficiencies, pain and weight loss.
Pancreas: shrinks, becomes fibrotic, enzymes not affected.
Liver: ↓ size and blood flow, unable to metabolize drugs as well. Decreased
production and flow of bile.
Gallbladder: more likely to develop gallstones.
Large Intestine & Rectum: ↓ peristalsis, ↑ constipation, ↓ rectal tone.
, Gerontologic Considerations:Effects of Aging on GI System - ANSWER Dental
caries, periodontal disease,Decreased number of taste buds, Sense of smell
lessens, Less saliva (Xerostomia)
Delayed emptying of the esophagus,Decreased HCl acid secretion,
Constipation
Liver size decreased
Gallbladder disease
Risk for decreased food intake
Inability to obtain food
Assessment of GI System - ANSWER Abdomen- PERFORM IN THIS ORDER.
Inspection Auscultation Percussion Palpation
nausea Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER Anorexia.
Weight loss.
Prolonged: Fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Decreased plasma volume.
Emesis Characteristics: - ANSWER Partially digested: delayed gastric
emptying.
Fecal odor and bile—obstruction or fistula.
Bile—obstruction.
Bright red blood—active bleeding.
Coffee-ground—gastric bleeding.
Determine if vomiting, regurgitation, or projectile.
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Gastrointestinal System - ANSWER The main functions of the gastrointestinal
tract are to digest and absorb ingested nutrients, and to excrete waste
products of digestion.
Alimentary Canal" (GI System) - ANSWER Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Oral Cavity - ANSWER Digestion begins here.
3 pairs of salivary glands.
Saliva is 99.4% water.
Contains digestive enzymes: Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars.
Lysozyme kills oral bacteria.
Tongue.
,Teeth.
Hard & soft palate
Large Intestine - ANSWER 4 regions: ascending, transverse, descending and
sigmoid colon
Main job is reabsorption to make waste solid. Minimal nutrient reabsorption.
Absorption of water and electrolytes Produces vitamin K and some B
vitamins Forms and stores fecal mass Secretes mucus
Defecation—Valsalva maneuver
Anus: - ANSWER Function: exit of feces.
Internal sphincter- involuntary muscle.
External sphincter- voluntary muscle.
Liver - ANSWER Carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid metabolism,
Glycogen storage, Waste product removal,
Bile production- emulsifies fats,Vitamin A,B, K storage.
Breakdown of drugs/alcohol,Makes clotting factors.
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Removal of hormones
Removal of antibodies
Removal rbc's
,Removal/storage of toxins
Bile - ANSWER Bile needed for fat emulsification.
Consists mainly of bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, conjugated bilirubin,
electrolytes, and water.
Bilirubin is derived from breakdown of hemoglobin.
Bile travels through the liver in a series of ducts, eventually exiting through
the common hepatic duct.
Pancreas - ANSWER Digestive and endocrine organ.
Produces digestive enzymes. Amylase, lipase, protease.
Connects via the pancreatic duct to duodenum.
Effects of Aging on GI Organs - ANSWER Esophagus: ↓ strength of
contractions.
Stomach: lining more susceptible to damage, ↓ elasticity and ↓ rate of
emptying.
Small Intestine: ↓motility, bacterial overgrowth causes bloating, nutrient
deficiencies, pain and weight loss.
Pancreas: shrinks, becomes fibrotic, enzymes not affected.
Liver: ↓ size and blood flow, unable to metabolize drugs as well. Decreased
production and flow of bile.
Gallbladder: more likely to develop gallstones.
Large Intestine & Rectum: ↓ peristalsis, ↑ constipation, ↓ rectal tone.
, Gerontologic Considerations:Effects of Aging on GI System - ANSWER Dental
caries, periodontal disease,Decreased number of taste buds, Sense of smell
lessens, Less saliva (Xerostomia)
Delayed emptying of the esophagus,Decreased HCl acid secretion,
Constipation
Liver size decreased
Gallbladder disease
Risk for decreased food intake
Inability to obtain food
Assessment of GI System - ANSWER Abdomen- PERFORM IN THIS ORDER.
Inspection Auscultation Percussion Palpation
nausea Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER Anorexia.
Weight loss.
Prolonged: Fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Decreased plasma volume.
Emesis Characteristics: - ANSWER Partially digested: delayed gastric
emptying.
Fecal odor and bile—obstruction or fistula.
Bile—obstruction.
Bright red blood—active bleeding.
Coffee-ground—gastric bleeding.
Determine if vomiting, regurgitation, or projectile.
