11/1/24, 2:22 AM PHIL 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Flashcards | Quizlet
PHIL 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Terms in this set (61)
A problem that deals with how our mental state relates to our physical state, given
The Mind-Body Problem that our body is a physical entity, while our mind is non-physical.
Philosopher: Descartes
Substance is a bearer of properties, either physical or mental. Mind and body can
Substance Dualism interact.
- Philosopher: Descartes
Merricks believe that we stop existing for a while, until the 2nd coming of Jesus.
Merricks on the Resurrection
When we die, we will be in a state of rest and waiting.
- Looking for the invisible in physicalism aka soul in the body
Gilbert Ryle's Critique of Descartes - Behaviorism: our behaviors will show our minds
- Verification: we can't believe anything without real and substantial evidence.
Descartes believe that mind and body are two separate things called dualism. He
Descartes on Mind-Body Problem
believes that one can exist without the other.
Development of Physicalism Rejects both mental/immaterial substances & mental properties.
Qualia: things that prove physicalism false. Something you cannot grasp without
experiencing it, like colors, a headache, the taste of grape juice.
-Argues that even if you know about these things, you can't know them fully until
Consciousness and Qualia
after you experience them.
Consciousness: The state of being aware of an external object or something within
yourself. Descartes and Locke have spoken on this.
we are just a physical thing, and yet we have experiences that can't be reduced to
Non-reductive Physicalism just physical substances. No immaterial properties in your body. (Jackson on Mary's
Room)
Lewis is a physicalist.
Seeing color is a skill, not a learned experience.
David Lewis on Mary's Room - critique: but Mary's experience of seeing red is new. Therefore, physicalism fails
because she didn't understand color until she experienced seeing color for the first
time, and she already learned all the facts about color
Locke's Memory Theory As long as you have continuous consciousness, then you are the same person
In short, because the "self" must be a constant, persisting, stable thing, and yet all
Hume's Personal Identity knowledge is derived from impressions, which are transient, non-persisting, variable
things, it follows that we do not really have knowledge of a "self"
Phenomenology The study of consciousness as experience from the first-person point of view.
There are some knowledge that cannot be attained just by learning. You have to
Jackson's Knowledge Argument for Qualia experience it to understand it, just like experiencing color / a headache / tasting
wine. Proves that physicalism fails.
he holds that physicalism cannot be understood without characterizing objective
and subjective experience.
Nagel's "what's it like to be a bat"
- Against physicalism because we can know all the facts about what makes a bat, a
bat. But we still don't really know because we don't have any experience being a bat.
Personal Identity The concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life.
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, 11/1/24, 2:22 AM PHIL 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Flashcards | Quizlet
The Persistence Question What kinds of changes can you undergo and still be the same person?
The Personhood Question What are the necessary & sufficient conditions for being a person?
Persons are immaterial souls; they have bodies only contingently and not necessarily.
The Simple View
- Plato, Descartes
A person at one time is the very same person as himself at a later time if and only if
The psychological Continuity Theory
they remember experiences of themselves at an earlier time
A person at one time is the very same person as himself at a later time if and only if
The physiological continuity theory
that individual is psychologically continuous with the person at the earlier time
Example to psych & phys continuity theories
Body Swap and Theseus's ship - Body Swap: could you switch bodies and still be the same person?
- Theseus' ship: if a ship loses its parts on a journey, is it still the same ship?
Death is not bad.
1) You can only be harmed by the things you experience.
The Epicurean View of Death
2) You won't experience anything when you die because you have no soul. It won't
be bad to you, but maybe for others.
Death is bad. (Nagle)
The Deprivation View of Death
1) Deprives you of the good stuff in life --> something is lacking.
Objection to Deprivation view.
- Pre-natal existence = post-death existence. There are inconsistencies between
The Asymmetry Problem (Lucretius)
these two. People care more about the post-death existence.
- Badness of death is more than just depravation
The status of morally deserving praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act, in
Moral Responsibility
accordance with one's moral obligations.
All things are determined and caused.
- Rejects freewill in the face of determinism
Hard Determinism - Incompatibilist
- Critique: how do we deal with crime & punishment? Removes blame from the
perpetrator because he/she didn't do it. He/she didn't have a choice.
Not all things are determined aka indeterminism.
- To do or not to do.
Libertarianism
- All physical things are determined by laws of physics, except for human behavior
because we have a soul (which is a non-physical thing).
We are able to make a free choice because we are not bound by any laws. As
Agent Causation
agents, we are able to start new causation chains.
- Compatibilist
Soft Determinism - Freewill does not equal libertarian freedom.
- Philosophers: Frankfurt
Freewill / moral responsibility is compatible with determinism.
Compatibilism
- Philosophers: Frankfurt
Are all things determined? Yes = determinism. No = indeterminism.
Indeterminism vs. Determinism
- Indeterminism: certain actions are uncaused.
Incompatibilisim The existence of freewill / moral responsibility is incompatible with determinism.
An agent is morally responsible for a given action only if she/he could've done
Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP)
otherwise.
Arguing against PAP (an agent is morally responsible for a given action only if he/she
could've done otherwise.)
Frankfurt Cases
- One can be morally responsible without having libertarian freedom.
- Freewill still exists even when we don't have the option to do otherwise
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PHIL 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Terms in this set (61)
A problem that deals with how our mental state relates to our physical state, given
The Mind-Body Problem that our body is a physical entity, while our mind is non-physical.
Philosopher: Descartes
Substance is a bearer of properties, either physical or mental. Mind and body can
Substance Dualism interact.
- Philosopher: Descartes
Merricks believe that we stop existing for a while, until the 2nd coming of Jesus.
Merricks on the Resurrection
When we die, we will be in a state of rest and waiting.
- Looking for the invisible in physicalism aka soul in the body
Gilbert Ryle's Critique of Descartes - Behaviorism: our behaviors will show our minds
- Verification: we can't believe anything without real and substantial evidence.
Descartes believe that mind and body are two separate things called dualism. He
Descartes on Mind-Body Problem
believes that one can exist without the other.
Development of Physicalism Rejects both mental/immaterial substances & mental properties.
Qualia: things that prove physicalism false. Something you cannot grasp without
experiencing it, like colors, a headache, the taste of grape juice.
-Argues that even if you know about these things, you can't know them fully until
Consciousness and Qualia
after you experience them.
Consciousness: The state of being aware of an external object or something within
yourself. Descartes and Locke have spoken on this.
we are just a physical thing, and yet we have experiences that can't be reduced to
Non-reductive Physicalism just physical substances. No immaterial properties in your body. (Jackson on Mary's
Room)
Lewis is a physicalist.
Seeing color is a skill, not a learned experience.
David Lewis on Mary's Room - critique: but Mary's experience of seeing red is new. Therefore, physicalism fails
because she didn't understand color until she experienced seeing color for the first
time, and she already learned all the facts about color
Locke's Memory Theory As long as you have continuous consciousness, then you are the same person
In short, because the "self" must be a constant, persisting, stable thing, and yet all
Hume's Personal Identity knowledge is derived from impressions, which are transient, non-persisting, variable
things, it follows that we do not really have knowledge of a "self"
Phenomenology The study of consciousness as experience from the first-person point of view.
There are some knowledge that cannot be attained just by learning. You have to
Jackson's Knowledge Argument for Qualia experience it to understand it, just like experiencing color / a headache / tasting
wine. Proves that physicalism fails.
he holds that physicalism cannot be understood without characterizing objective
and subjective experience.
Nagel's "what's it like to be a bat"
- Against physicalism because we can know all the facts about what makes a bat, a
bat. But we still don't really know because we don't have any experience being a bat.
Personal Identity The concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life.
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, 11/1/24, 2:22 AM PHIL 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Flashcards | Quizlet
The Persistence Question What kinds of changes can you undergo and still be the same person?
The Personhood Question What are the necessary & sufficient conditions for being a person?
Persons are immaterial souls; they have bodies only contingently and not necessarily.
The Simple View
- Plato, Descartes
A person at one time is the very same person as himself at a later time if and only if
The psychological Continuity Theory
they remember experiences of themselves at an earlier time
A person at one time is the very same person as himself at a later time if and only if
The physiological continuity theory
that individual is psychologically continuous with the person at the earlier time
Example to psych & phys continuity theories
Body Swap and Theseus's ship - Body Swap: could you switch bodies and still be the same person?
- Theseus' ship: if a ship loses its parts on a journey, is it still the same ship?
Death is not bad.
1) You can only be harmed by the things you experience.
The Epicurean View of Death
2) You won't experience anything when you die because you have no soul. It won't
be bad to you, but maybe for others.
Death is bad. (Nagle)
The Deprivation View of Death
1) Deprives you of the good stuff in life --> something is lacking.
Objection to Deprivation view.
- Pre-natal existence = post-death existence. There are inconsistencies between
The Asymmetry Problem (Lucretius)
these two. People care more about the post-death existence.
- Badness of death is more than just depravation
The status of morally deserving praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act, in
Moral Responsibility
accordance with one's moral obligations.
All things are determined and caused.
- Rejects freewill in the face of determinism
Hard Determinism - Incompatibilist
- Critique: how do we deal with crime & punishment? Removes blame from the
perpetrator because he/she didn't do it. He/she didn't have a choice.
Not all things are determined aka indeterminism.
- To do or not to do.
Libertarianism
- All physical things are determined by laws of physics, except for human behavior
because we have a soul (which is a non-physical thing).
We are able to make a free choice because we are not bound by any laws. As
Agent Causation
agents, we are able to start new causation chains.
- Compatibilist
Soft Determinism - Freewill does not equal libertarian freedom.
- Philosophers: Frankfurt
Freewill / moral responsibility is compatible with determinism.
Compatibilism
- Philosophers: Frankfurt
Are all things determined? Yes = determinism. No = indeterminism.
Indeterminism vs. Determinism
- Indeterminism: certain actions are uncaused.
Incompatibilisim The existence of freewill / moral responsibility is incompatible with determinism.
An agent is morally responsible for a given action only if she/he could've done
Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP)
otherwise.
Arguing against PAP (an agent is morally responsible for a given action only if he/she
could've done otherwise.)
Frankfurt Cases
- One can be morally responsible without having libertarian freedom.
- Freewill still exists even when we don't have the option to do otherwise
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