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BIO 251 Questions and Correct Answers
the Latest Update and Recommended
Version
Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organism.
✓ 1. Cells
✓ 2. Energy consumption
✓ 3. Information
✓ 4. Replication
✓ 5. Evolutionary adaptation
Describe the two components of cell theory.
✓ 1. All living things are made up of cell or cells.
✓ 2. Cells come from other cells.
Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Understand in what way chemical
bonds can be considered a form of energy.
✓ Energy is the capacity to do work or to supply heat. Potential energy- may be stored.
Kinetic energy- may be available in the form of motion. When chemical bonds are
formed, energy is released. The internal energy of the system goes down
Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential
energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions
a nonspontaneous reaction can occur.
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✓ ΔG(ibbs free energy) = ΔH (enthalpy) - T ΔS (entropy)
✓
✓ If ΔG is negative (big loss of potential energy, and/or big gain of disorder): the reaction
is Exergonic (Exit of energy). SPONTANEOUS
✓
✓ If ΔG is positive (big gain of potential energy, and/or big loss of disorder): the reaction
is Endergonic (Input of energy). NOT SPONTANEOUS
Explain and give examples of why proteins are essential to cell function.
✓ -Enzyme Catalysis (chemistry)
✓ -Cell receptors (signalling and immune response)
✓ -Transport (food uptake, e.g.)
✓ -Support (cell/organism structure)
✓ -Motion (muscles, flagella)
✓ -Regulation (gene expression)
Sketch the basic structure of an amino acid, and describe why and how the side chains affect
the function and structure of each amino acid.
✓ Structure: Central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-
COOH), a hydrogen atom and in the 4th position, a side group (R-Group). The side chain
is the chemical identity to the amino acid and extends out from the backbone, making it
possible for them to interact with each other and with water. (Visual representation: slide
4)
Sketch a nucleotide, label its three basic parts, and identify the 2', 3', and 5' carbons.
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✓ A nucleotide has a sugar or deoxyribose group, a phosphate that is attached on the 5'
carbon and an organic nitrogenous base which is attached to the 3' carbon. Ribose has an
-OH on the 2' carbon, Deoxyribose has a H' on the 2' carbon.
Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of RNA, and explain in
what ways RNA differs from DNA.
✓ RNA's primary structure consists of a sequence of nitrogen-containing bases that contain
information in the form of a molecular code. Its secondary structure includes short double
helixes and structures called hairpins that holds RNA strands together. Its tertiary and
quaternary structures that fold secondary structures into complex shapes or hold different
RNA strands together. RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine, it is single stranded, its ribose
has an extra -OH group, and it acts as a transcript of DNA expression. Also, DNA does
not have a tertiary and quaternary structure.
Explain why and how the secondary structure of DNA allows organisms to store and copy
information.
✓ Complementary base pairing allows each strand of a DNA molecule to be copied exactly,
producing two daughter molecules. DNA's primary structure serves as a mold or template
for the synthesis of a complementary strand and DNA contains the information required
for a copy of itself to be made
Explain why RNA, and not DNA, was probably the first self-replicating molecule, and describe
at least one piece of experimental evidence that supports this hypothesis.
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✓ To make a copy of itself, the first living organism had to provide a template that could be
copied and catalyze polymerization reactions that would link monomers into a copy of
that template. RNA is capable of both.
✓
✓ One experimental evidence is by Wendy Johnston and David Bartel. They found that
ribozymes isolated in each round are copied, the molecules that result are not identical in
terms of their primary sequence because mutations were introduced during the copying
step. By isolating the best enzyme and copying them in the next round, they continually
selected ribozymes that were more efficient. This was to mimic the process of natural
selection
List the features shared by all carbohydrates.
✓ A molecule made up of a bunch of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These atoms are
arranged in a few specific ways: they have a carbon atom that's bonded to a carbonyl
group (>C=O), several hydroxyl functional groups (-OH), and many C-H bonds.
Sketch several representative monosaccharides, illustrating three ways in which
monosaccharides can differ from one another.
✓ Monosaccharide have a carbonyl group at various locations , several hydroxyl functional
groups at various locations, and many carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds (energy). Linear
form, ring form, alpha vs beta form.
Give examples of the four major functions that carbohydrates can perform in cells (raw
materials, structure, cell identity, and chemical energy storage).
|
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BIO 251 Questions and Correct Answers
the Latest Update and Recommended
Version
Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organism.
✓ 1. Cells
✓ 2. Energy consumption
✓ 3. Information
✓ 4. Replication
✓ 5. Evolutionary adaptation
Describe the two components of cell theory.
✓ 1. All living things are made up of cell or cells.
✓ 2. Cells come from other cells.
Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Understand in what way chemical
bonds can be considered a form of energy.
✓ Energy is the capacity to do work or to supply heat. Potential energy- may be stored.
Kinetic energy- may be available in the form of motion. When chemical bonds are
formed, energy is released. The internal energy of the system goes down
Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential
energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions
a nonspontaneous reaction can occur.
|
✓ Thank You for Choosing Us! ✓ Resources & Updates: [Testtrackers - Stuvia US]
✓ © 2024 TestTrackers ✓ Your Success is Our Mission!
✓ Customer Support: [+254707240657]
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✓ ΔG(ibbs free energy) = ΔH (enthalpy) - T ΔS (entropy)
✓
✓ If ΔG is negative (big loss of potential energy, and/or big gain of disorder): the reaction
is Exergonic (Exit of energy). SPONTANEOUS
✓
✓ If ΔG is positive (big gain of potential energy, and/or big loss of disorder): the reaction
is Endergonic (Input of energy). NOT SPONTANEOUS
Explain and give examples of why proteins are essential to cell function.
✓ -Enzyme Catalysis (chemistry)
✓ -Cell receptors (signalling and immune response)
✓ -Transport (food uptake, e.g.)
✓ -Support (cell/organism structure)
✓ -Motion (muscles, flagella)
✓ -Regulation (gene expression)
Sketch the basic structure of an amino acid, and describe why and how the side chains affect
the function and structure of each amino acid.
✓ Structure: Central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-
COOH), a hydrogen atom and in the 4th position, a side group (R-Group). The side chain
is the chemical identity to the amino acid and extends out from the backbone, making it
possible for them to interact with each other and with water. (Visual representation: slide
4)
Sketch a nucleotide, label its three basic parts, and identify the 2', 3', and 5' carbons.
|
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✓ © 2024 TestTrackers ✓ Your Success is Our Mission!
✓ Customer Support: [+254707240657]
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✓ A nucleotide has a sugar or deoxyribose group, a phosphate that is attached on the 5'
carbon and an organic nitrogenous base which is attached to the 3' carbon. Ribose has an
-OH on the 2' carbon, Deoxyribose has a H' on the 2' carbon.
Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of RNA, and explain in
what ways RNA differs from DNA.
✓ RNA's primary structure consists of a sequence of nitrogen-containing bases that contain
information in the form of a molecular code. Its secondary structure includes short double
helixes and structures called hairpins that holds RNA strands together. Its tertiary and
quaternary structures that fold secondary structures into complex shapes or hold different
RNA strands together. RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine, it is single stranded, its ribose
has an extra -OH group, and it acts as a transcript of DNA expression. Also, DNA does
not have a tertiary and quaternary structure.
Explain why and how the secondary structure of DNA allows organisms to store and copy
information.
✓ Complementary base pairing allows each strand of a DNA molecule to be copied exactly,
producing two daughter molecules. DNA's primary structure serves as a mold or template
for the synthesis of a complementary strand and DNA contains the information required
for a copy of itself to be made
Explain why RNA, and not DNA, was probably the first self-replicating molecule, and describe
at least one piece of experimental evidence that supports this hypothesis.
|
✓ Thank You for Choosing Us! ✓ Resources & Updates: [Testtrackers - Stuvia US]
✓ © 2024 TestTrackers ✓ Your Success is Our Mission!
✓ Customer Support: [+254707240657]
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✓ To make a copy of itself, the first living organism had to provide a template that could be
copied and catalyze polymerization reactions that would link monomers into a copy of
that template. RNA is capable of both.
✓
✓ One experimental evidence is by Wendy Johnston and David Bartel. They found that
ribozymes isolated in each round are copied, the molecules that result are not identical in
terms of their primary sequence because mutations were introduced during the copying
step. By isolating the best enzyme and copying them in the next round, they continually
selected ribozymes that were more efficient. This was to mimic the process of natural
selection
List the features shared by all carbohydrates.
✓ A molecule made up of a bunch of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These atoms are
arranged in a few specific ways: they have a carbon atom that's bonded to a carbonyl
group (>C=O), several hydroxyl functional groups (-OH), and many C-H bonds.
Sketch several representative monosaccharides, illustrating three ways in which
monosaccharides can differ from one another.
✓ Monosaccharide have a carbonyl group at various locations , several hydroxyl functional
groups at various locations, and many carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds (energy). Linear
form, ring form, alpha vs beta form.
Give examples of the four major functions that carbohydrates can perform in cells (raw
materials, structure, cell identity, and chemical energy storage).
|
✓ Thank You for Choosing Us! ✓ Resources & Updates: [Testtrackers - Stuvia US]
✓ © 2024 TestTrackers ✓ Your Success is Our Mission!
✓ Customer Support: [+254707240657]
