PLT K-6 Q&A
Albert Bandura - (correct answer)(theorist)
Social Learning (cognitive) Theory:
• learning occurs within a social context
• social interactions are primary influences on learning
• social environment
• people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling
• observed behaviors become copied behaviors
• learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process
known as vicarious reinforcement
• a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses
attention, memory, and motivation
Maria Montessori - (correct answer)• theorist
• believed children learn directly from the environment and from other children more
than the teacher
Stages of Learning:
1) Introduction to a concept by means of a lesson, something read in a book, or some
other outside source
2) Processing the information and developing an understanding of the concept through
work, experimentation, and creation
3) Knowing the information or possessing an understanding of it, demonstrated by the
ability to pass a test with confidence, teach another, or express it with ease
Accommodation - (correct answer)Piaget's term:
• A change in cognitive structures that produces corresponding behavioral changes;
responding to a new object or event by either modifying an existing scheme or forming a
new one
• Changes to teaching - support and services
,• Testing: longer testing times, untimed tests, scribe, Braille, short breaks and read-
aloud
• For hearing impaired - provide notes online, place student in front of class, speak
facing student, speak slowly and clearly
Adaptation - (correct answer)Piaget's term:
• Adapting to the world through assimilation and accommodation
Assimilation - (correct answer)The process by which a person takes material into their
mind from the environment, which may mean changing the evidence of their senses to
make it fit
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 - (correct answer)Legislation in the US that
extends civil rights protection of persons with disabilities to private-sector employment,
all public services, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunication
including physical accessibility and the removal of barriers to hotels, restaurants,
grocery stores, and parks if that can be accomplished without great difficulty or expense
Declarative, Procedural and Conditional - (correct answer)What are the 3 kinds of
knowledge?
Declarative knowledge - (correct answer)• factual knowledge and info that a person
knows
• reliant on authoritative Instruction
• tested in elaborate grading system
• use to form ability groupings
• fosters dependency, "Tell me what to do and think"
• easily forgotten
• stifles creativity, discourages independent problem-solving and strategy building
• teacher's role as dispenser and arbiter of knowledge
,Procedural knowledge - (correct answer)• knowing how to perform certain activities
• reliant on coaching and modeling from teacher
• flexible and open-ended, spontaneous, progressive, dialogic context
• self-directed, personal efficacy
• long-term retention
• yields creative, reflective thought and promoters critical thinking and independent
decision making
• teacher's role as enabler, facilitator, stage manager, guide, resource
Conditional knowledge - (correct answer)• knowing when and why to use declarative
and procedural knowledge
• allows students to allocate their resources when using strategies
Unit Test - (correct answer)test given at the end of a unit to see what students have
learned
Metacognition - (correct answer)• the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to
determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance
on that task
• students think about their own thinking, reflection
• people's "knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena"
• what we know/think about our own processes of thinking
• experience and knowledge
• thinking about thinking
Zone of Proximal Development - (correct answer)• Vygotsky
, • Optimal time for individuals to learn. An area where students, with assistance from
more knowledgeable others, can grasp ideas that they would otherwise not be able to
understand and solve problems that they would otherwise not be able to solve.
• learning occurs here
• child learns best through accomplishing something slightly beyond his/her limit of
expertise to do alone
Anticipatory Sets/ Advanced Organizers - (correct answer)• A brief portion of a lesson
given at the very beginning to get students' attention, activate prior knowledge, and
prepare them for the day's learning
• David Ausubel
Functional Behavior Assessment - (correct answer)used to get information about
antecedents, behaviors, and consequence to determine the reason or function of
behavior
Inductive Reasoning - (correct answer)• from specific observations to broader
generalizations and theories
• "bottom up" approach
• begin with specific observations and measures, detect patterns and regularities,
formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally developing some
general conclusions or theories
Deductive Reasoning - (correct answer)• from the more general to the more specific
• "top-down" approach
• begin with thinking up a theory, narrow that down into more specific hypotheses,
collect observations, test the hypotheses with specific data - a confirmation (or not) of
original theories
Schema - (correct answer)Piaget's term
Albert Bandura - (correct answer)(theorist)
Social Learning (cognitive) Theory:
• learning occurs within a social context
• social interactions are primary influences on learning
• social environment
• people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling
• observed behaviors become copied behaviors
• learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process
known as vicarious reinforcement
• a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses
attention, memory, and motivation
Maria Montessori - (correct answer)• theorist
• believed children learn directly from the environment and from other children more
than the teacher
Stages of Learning:
1) Introduction to a concept by means of a lesson, something read in a book, or some
other outside source
2) Processing the information and developing an understanding of the concept through
work, experimentation, and creation
3) Knowing the information or possessing an understanding of it, demonstrated by the
ability to pass a test with confidence, teach another, or express it with ease
Accommodation - (correct answer)Piaget's term:
• A change in cognitive structures that produces corresponding behavioral changes;
responding to a new object or event by either modifying an existing scheme or forming a
new one
• Changes to teaching - support and services
,• Testing: longer testing times, untimed tests, scribe, Braille, short breaks and read-
aloud
• For hearing impaired - provide notes online, place student in front of class, speak
facing student, speak slowly and clearly
Adaptation - (correct answer)Piaget's term:
• Adapting to the world through assimilation and accommodation
Assimilation - (correct answer)The process by which a person takes material into their
mind from the environment, which may mean changing the evidence of their senses to
make it fit
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 - (correct answer)Legislation in the US that
extends civil rights protection of persons with disabilities to private-sector employment,
all public services, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunication
including physical accessibility and the removal of barriers to hotels, restaurants,
grocery stores, and parks if that can be accomplished without great difficulty or expense
Declarative, Procedural and Conditional - (correct answer)What are the 3 kinds of
knowledge?
Declarative knowledge - (correct answer)• factual knowledge and info that a person
knows
• reliant on authoritative Instruction
• tested in elaborate grading system
• use to form ability groupings
• fosters dependency, "Tell me what to do and think"
• easily forgotten
• stifles creativity, discourages independent problem-solving and strategy building
• teacher's role as dispenser and arbiter of knowledge
,Procedural knowledge - (correct answer)• knowing how to perform certain activities
• reliant on coaching and modeling from teacher
• flexible and open-ended, spontaneous, progressive, dialogic context
• self-directed, personal efficacy
• long-term retention
• yields creative, reflective thought and promoters critical thinking and independent
decision making
• teacher's role as enabler, facilitator, stage manager, guide, resource
Conditional knowledge - (correct answer)• knowing when and why to use declarative
and procedural knowledge
• allows students to allocate their resources when using strategies
Unit Test - (correct answer)test given at the end of a unit to see what students have
learned
Metacognition - (correct answer)• the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to
determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance
on that task
• students think about their own thinking, reflection
• people's "knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena"
• what we know/think about our own processes of thinking
• experience and knowledge
• thinking about thinking
Zone of Proximal Development - (correct answer)• Vygotsky
, • Optimal time for individuals to learn. An area where students, with assistance from
more knowledgeable others, can grasp ideas that they would otherwise not be able to
understand and solve problems that they would otherwise not be able to solve.
• learning occurs here
• child learns best through accomplishing something slightly beyond his/her limit of
expertise to do alone
Anticipatory Sets/ Advanced Organizers - (correct answer)• A brief portion of a lesson
given at the very beginning to get students' attention, activate prior knowledge, and
prepare them for the day's learning
• David Ausubel
Functional Behavior Assessment - (correct answer)used to get information about
antecedents, behaviors, and consequence to determine the reason or function of
behavior
Inductive Reasoning - (correct answer)• from specific observations to broader
generalizations and theories
• "bottom up" approach
• begin with specific observations and measures, detect patterns and regularities,
formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally developing some
general conclusions or theories
Deductive Reasoning - (correct answer)• from the more general to the more specific
• "top-down" approach
• begin with thinking up a theory, narrow that down into more specific hypotheses,
collect observations, test the hypotheses with specific data - a confirmation (or not) of
original theories
Schema - (correct answer)Piaget's term
