organic evolution Exam 1 Study Guide Solutions

organic evolution Exam 1 Study Guide Solutions Descent with Modification - ANSWER-1. All species share common ancestry 2. Changes occur through natural selection Darwin and Wallace's insights - ANSWER-Manuscripts with identical theories: 1) A population process: populations evolve, individuals don't 2) All organisms have a common ancestor How do we know something in science - ANSWER-Direct experimentation- control confounding variables Indirect experimentation- inference based on application of principles and laws in which we have confidence The Scientific method - ANSWER- ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/34 Anaximander - ANSWER-520BC -Proposed species changed over time. -Speculated life had single origin and goes simpler --complex Xenophanes - ANSWER-500BC -Thought fossils held the key to earlier forms of life and speculated about evolution of living forms Plato - ANSWER-350BC - Essentialism Essentialism - ANSWER-Everything is perfect Aristotle - ANSWER-350BC -Species have immutable essence -Ladder of life Ladder of Life - ANSWER-Each species on a rung as hierarchical. No evolution Immutable Essence - ANSWER-No evolution ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/34 Jon Ray - ANSWER-1686 -English naturalist who classified plants based on observed similarities and differences -Defined the term "species" -Individuals of a species are similar as they descend from common ancestor. Steno - ANSWER-(1638-86) Father of geology and stratigraphy - Recognized record of historical change -Shark teeth Karl Linne (Linneaus) - ANSWER-1735 -Developed the current classification scheme for organisms including binomial nomenclature -"hierarchical scheme" Buffon (Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon) - ANSWER-1749 -proposed a modern definition of species based on the ability to produce fertile offspring. -Earth formed according to laws of physics and chemistry. Supported the idea of a long time scale. ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/34 -Proposed different regions have different sets of animals and plants (Buffon's Law). Charles Bonnet - ANSWER-1770 (Angel Man) -proposed that organisms responded to natural catastrophes by evolving (kind of like natural selection) and that this evolution followed a pre-determined path (not like natural selection) -Apes were becoming men and men were becoming angels as they evolved. Immanuel Kant - ANSWER-1780 -proposed a common origin for living things and diversification based on need in different circumstances Cuvier (Georges Chretien Leopold Dagobert) - ANSWER-1800 -founder of animal paleontology -convinced of extinction but that evolution couldn't happen and that species couldn't change thru time. -Catastrophism - proposed the idea that catastrophes had caused mass extinctions to explain why fossils of different strata differed and why the boundaries between strata were sharp and not gradual. Erasmus Darwin - ANSWER-1800 -Published Zoonomia, agreeing that all living things were descended from a single ancestor and that they had diversified into the various forms seen today due to competition and social interaction. ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/34 James Hutton - ANSWER-1788 -Proposed gradualism: that most geological change was small (volcanoes and earthquakes were exceptions) and that the Earth was old, allowing for great change to have accumulated. William Smith - ANSWER-() -Proposed each layer of rack had distinct fossils, and layers that were similar age had same fossils. -Created 1st geological map based on recognizing same layers of rock in different parts of England based on fossils in them. Charles Lyell - ANSWER-1830s -Renamed gradualism to uniformitarianism stressing that the forces of geological change seen today are the same as have been operating since the origin of the Earth, so we may understand ancient changes and predict future changes by studying current change. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck () - ANSWER-1809 -Proposed separate origins for species through spontaneous generation and subsequent change by the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. -More complex forms had formed earlier and had more time to become complex. -Each species evolves toward a goal. ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/34 Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics - ANSWER-Characteristics changed as the use of them changed and these changes were passed on to the next generation. Evolution - ANSWER-Change in the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of groups of related organisms (populations) over generations. -passed in the genetic material. -can vary from simple gene frequencies in a population to macroevolution. What sometimes happen if populations split and become isolated? - ANSWER-They may diverge and over vast amounts of time this can explain biodiversity and relatedness. Evolution is NOT... - ANSWER-1) Changes in an organism due to development from zygote to adult (ontogeny) 2) Darwinism Darwinism - ANSWER-Evolution by natural selection Thomas Malthus - ANSWER--1838, Darwin read essay by this person and observed that resources are either fixed or increase linearly but that human populations using those resources increase geometrically. -Felt shortages bound to happen once pop. caught up to amount of resource