PSDM U2 TEST WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION
Define Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) - ANSWER 'loss of effectiveness of
any anti-infective medicine, including antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and
anti-parasitic medicines'.
Define Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) - ANSWER 'an organisational or
healthcare-system-wide approach to promoting and monitoring judicious
use of antimicrobials to preserve their future effectiveness'
What is Health Care Associated Infection (HCAI)? - ANSWER HCAI, also
referred to as "nosocomial" or "hospital" infection, is an infection occurring
in a patient during the process of care in a hospital or other health care
facility which was not present or incubating at the time of admission.
What is sepsis? - ANSWER Sepsis is the body's overwhelming and
life-threatening response to infection that can lead to tissue damage, organ
failure, and death.
Examples of pathogenic microorganisms - ANSWER ★ Viruses
★ Bacteria
★ Fungi
★ Protozoa
★ Parasitic worms
,What are The Six Key areas in Antimicrobial Stewardship? - ANSWER ➊
Infection Prevention and Control
➋ Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance
➌ The diagnosis of infection and the use of antibiotics
➍ Antimicrobial Prescribing Practice
➎ Person centred care
➏ Inter-professional collaborative practice
What are "Superbugs"? - ANSWER Superbug - an informal term for a
bacterium that has become resistant to antibiotics that usually are used to
treat it. Superbugs may also be viruses.
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), what infections
can it cause, which treatments is it typically resistant to, and what are the
treatment options? - ANSWER ✬ S.aureus is a gram-positive bacterium found
on skin
✭ Causes skin infections and systemic infections including bacteraemia,
endocarditis, bone & joint infections, and respiratory tract infections
✮ MRSA is resistant to methicillin and antibiotics commonly used to treat
S.aureus infections
✯ Treatment: linezolid, glycopeptides, daptomycin, doxycyline, tigecycline
, What is Clostridium difficile (C.diff), how does it cause illness, and what are
the treatment options? - ANSWER ✬ C.diff is a gram-positive anaerobic
bacterium found in people's intestines. It can be found in healthy people (up
to 3% of adults and 66% of babies), where it causes no symptoms
✭ Causes disease when the normal bacteria in the gut are disadvantaged,
usually by someone taking antibiotics. This allows C.diff to grow to unusually
high levels. It also allows the toxin that some strains of C.diff produce to
reach levels where it attacks the intestines and causes mild to severe
diarrhoea
✯ Treatment: oral vancomycin, fidaxomycin, metronidazole
Which bacteria produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), which
treatments are they typically resistant to, what infections can they cause, and
what are the treatment options? - ANSWER ✬ The 2 main bacteria that
produce an enzyme called ESBLs are E. coli and Klebsiella species (both are
gram-negative)
✮ Resistant to many penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics and often to
other types of antibiotics
✭ E. coli with ESBLs may cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) that can
sometimes progress to more serious infections like blood poisoning, which
can be life threatening
✯ Treatment: carbapenems, cephamycins, fosfomycin
What are Enterobacteriaceae, how can they cause infection, how do they
SOLUTION
Define Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) - ANSWER 'loss of effectiveness of
any anti-infective medicine, including antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and
anti-parasitic medicines'.
Define Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) - ANSWER 'an organisational or
healthcare-system-wide approach to promoting and monitoring judicious
use of antimicrobials to preserve their future effectiveness'
What is Health Care Associated Infection (HCAI)? - ANSWER HCAI, also
referred to as "nosocomial" or "hospital" infection, is an infection occurring
in a patient during the process of care in a hospital or other health care
facility which was not present or incubating at the time of admission.
What is sepsis? - ANSWER Sepsis is the body's overwhelming and
life-threatening response to infection that can lead to tissue damage, organ
failure, and death.
Examples of pathogenic microorganisms - ANSWER ★ Viruses
★ Bacteria
★ Fungi
★ Protozoa
★ Parasitic worms
,What are The Six Key areas in Antimicrobial Stewardship? - ANSWER ➊
Infection Prevention and Control
➋ Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance
➌ The diagnosis of infection and the use of antibiotics
➍ Antimicrobial Prescribing Practice
➎ Person centred care
➏ Inter-professional collaborative practice
What are "Superbugs"? - ANSWER Superbug - an informal term for a
bacterium that has become resistant to antibiotics that usually are used to
treat it. Superbugs may also be viruses.
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), what infections
can it cause, which treatments is it typically resistant to, and what are the
treatment options? - ANSWER ✬ S.aureus is a gram-positive bacterium found
on skin
✭ Causes skin infections and systemic infections including bacteraemia,
endocarditis, bone & joint infections, and respiratory tract infections
✮ MRSA is resistant to methicillin and antibiotics commonly used to treat
S.aureus infections
✯ Treatment: linezolid, glycopeptides, daptomycin, doxycyline, tigecycline
, What is Clostridium difficile (C.diff), how does it cause illness, and what are
the treatment options? - ANSWER ✬ C.diff is a gram-positive anaerobic
bacterium found in people's intestines. It can be found in healthy people (up
to 3% of adults and 66% of babies), where it causes no symptoms
✭ Causes disease when the normal bacteria in the gut are disadvantaged,
usually by someone taking antibiotics. This allows C.diff to grow to unusually
high levels. It also allows the toxin that some strains of C.diff produce to
reach levels where it attacks the intestines and causes mild to severe
diarrhoea
✯ Treatment: oral vancomycin, fidaxomycin, metronidazole
Which bacteria produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), which
treatments are they typically resistant to, what infections can they cause, and
what are the treatment options? - ANSWER ✬ The 2 main bacteria that
produce an enzyme called ESBLs are E. coli and Klebsiella species (both are
gram-negative)
✮ Resistant to many penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics and often to
other types of antibiotics
✭ E. coli with ESBLs may cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) that can
sometimes progress to more serious infections like blood poisoning, which
can be life threatening
✯ Treatment: carbapenems, cephamycins, fosfomycin
What are Enterobacteriaceae, how can they cause infection, how do they
