G – H GRADE A Q&A
Use positive reinforcement to strengthen behavior (G1) - (correct answer)Positive
reinforcement refers to the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a
behavior. The desirable stimulus reinforces the behavior, making it more likely that the
behavior will reoccur.
Example: After a child does her chores, she receives a cookie. The cookie increases the
likelihood that the child will do her chores again in the future.
Use negative reinforcement to strengthen behavior (G1) - (correct answer)Negative
reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus in an effort to increase the
likelihood of a targeted behavior in the future.
Example: John uses PECs to communicate with his teacher. When she presents him
with a toy that he does not want to play with, he uses his "no" PEC and she promptly
removes the toy. Taking away the undesired toy reinforces his use of the "no" PEC
appropriately in the future.
Establish and use conditioned reinforcers (G3) - (correct answer)Previously neutral
stimuli that has become a reinforcer through association with an established reinforcer.
Example: Using a token board, a BCBA can set up a system of conditioned
reinforcement with the tokens a learner earns for correct responses. The learner sees
the token as a reinforcer because it is paired with the potato chips that she receives
once she earns three tokens.
Use interventions based on discriminative stimulus (Sd) (G2) - (correct answer)A type of
stimulus that is used consistently to gain a specific response and that increases the
possibility that the desired response will occur. A discriminative stimulus tells a person
what behavior is going to get reinforced - it signals the availability of a particular
reinforcer for a particular behavior.
,Example: Saying to Lindsey "Give me ball" (the Sd) and Lindsey hands you the ball
(response). You then reinforce her correct behavior with a Skittle.
Use interventions based on motivating operations (MO) (G2) - (correct
answer)Environmental variables that alter the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or
event as a reinforcer, and alter the current frequency of all behavior that has been
reinforced by that stimulus, object or event.
Example: Asking Brayden's mom not to give him any candy outside of his therapy
sessions to increase the likelihood that the candy will be an effective motivator for his
discrete trial training.
Stimulus prompts (G3) - (correct answer)Any type of prompt in which we change the
materials in a way to help the learner give the correct response. Any time we change
the materials looks, how we put them out on the table, or anything about them, we are
using a stimulus prompt.
Example: During a discrete trial, Susan put the correct answer on the table closer to the
learner than the wrong choice. Using this as a positional prompt, over time she would
need to move them so they are the same distance from the learner over the course of
the learning before she could say the skill was mastered.
Response prompts (G3) - (correct answer)Verbal, modeling, or physical guidance. A
prompt is a stimulus that assists the subject to evoke a correct response.
Example: Susan asks her learner to "put the ball in the cup," and performs a hand-over-
hand prompt to show her learner how to respond correctly.
Errorless learning (G3) - (correct answer)The attempt to eliminate mistakes made by the
learner. The instructor uses prompts to ensure correct responding and then
systematically fades the prompts.
, Example: Susan asks her learner to point to the red balloon, and before her learner has
a chance to make a selection, Susan points to the red balloon. This uses her learner to
choose the correct answer errorlessly. This errorless prompt would fade over time
before mastery is reached.
Prompt Fading (most to least) (G3) - (correct answer)With this method you start the
most intrusive prompts and gradually fade to less intrusive prompts.
You might follow a prompting hierarchy such as: Full physical, partial physical, model,
verbal, gestural, independent.
Prompt Fading (least to most) (G3) - (correct answer)The method involves starting with
the least intrusive prompts and moving up in the prompting hierarchy. This can be
beneficial because it gives students to the opportunity to be independent and you are
only providing as much prompting as needed. This is a strategy we tend to use
naturally. Once you introduce a task, allow wait time to see how they respond naturally.
then you can give a gestural prompt. If this doesn't produce a correct response, move
up to a verbal, and so on.
Prompt delay (G4) - (correct answer)Begins with errorless teaching, and as you fade
this level of prompting, you insert a time delay
Example: When teaching a learner to point to the picture of a monkey:1. Errorless
teaching (present the SD and immediately point to the correct picture)2. SD: "Touch
monkey." Wait 2 seconds for learner to respond. If no response, point to the monkey.
Once the student is able to respond independently within 2 seconds, move to the next
step.3. SD: "Touch monkey." Wait 4 seconds for learner to respond. If no response,
point to the monkey. Once the student is able to respond independently within 4
seconds, continue to increase the prompt time delay.
Stimulus fading (G4) - (correct answer)Involves introducing or altering a new element,
such as color, intensity, or size, to the target stimulus, which is gradually faded by
reducing its intensity or components. Typically, only one element is altered at a time.
Use positive reinforcement to strengthen behavior (G1) - (correct answer)Positive
reinforcement refers to the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a
behavior. The desirable stimulus reinforces the behavior, making it more likely that the
behavior will reoccur.
Example: After a child does her chores, she receives a cookie. The cookie increases the
likelihood that the child will do her chores again in the future.
Use negative reinforcement to strengthen behavior (G1) - (correct answer)Negative
reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus in an effort to increase the
likelihood of a targeted behavior in the future.
Example: John uses PECs to communicate with his teacher. When she presents him
with a toy that he does not want to play with, he uses his "no" PEC and she promptly
removes the toy. Taking away the undesired toy reinforces his use of the "no" PEC
appropriately in the future.
Establish and use conditioned reinforcers (G3) - (correct answer)Previously neutral
stimuli that has become a reinforcer through association with an established reinforcer.
Example: Using a token board, a BCBA can set up a system of conditioned
reinforcement with the tokens a learner earns for correct responses. The learner sees
the token as a reinforcer because it is paired with the potato chips that she receives
once she earns three tokens.
Use interventions based on discriminative stimulus (Sd) (G2) - (correct answer)A type of
stimulus that is used consistently to gain a specific response and that increases the
possibility that the desired response will occur. A discriminative stimulus tells a person
what behavior is going to get reinforced - it signals the availability of a particular
reinforcer for a particular behavior.
,Example: Saying to Lindsey "Give me ball" (the Sd) and Lindsey hands you the ball
(response). You then reinforce her correct behavior with a Skittle.
Use interventions based on motivating operations (MO) (G2) - (correct
answer)Environmental variables that alter the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or
event as a reinforcer, and alter the current frequency of all behavior that has been
reinforced by that stimulus, object or event.
Example: Asking Brayden's mom not to give him any candy outside of his therapy
sessions to increase the likelihood that the candy will be an effective motivator for his
discrete trial training.
Stimulus prompts (G3) - (correct answer)Any type of prompt in which we change the
materials in a way to help the learner give the correct response. Any time we change
the materials looks, how we put them out on the table, or anything about them, we are
using a stimulus prompt.
Example: During a discrete trial, Susan put the correct answer on the table closer to the
learner than the wrong choice. Using this as a positional prompt, over time she would
need to move them so they are the same distance from the learner over the course of
the learning before she could say the skill was mastered.
Response prompts (G3) - (correct answer)Verbal, modeling, or physical guidance. A
prompt is a stimulus that assists the subject to evoke a correct response.
Example: Susan asks her learner to "put the ball in the cup," and performs a hand-over-
hand prompt to show her learner how to respond correctly.
Errorless learning (G3) - (correct answer)The attempt to eliminate mistakes made by the
learner. The instructor uses prompts to ensure correct responding and then
systematically fades the prompts.
, Example: Susan asks her learner to point to the red balloon, and before her learner has
a chance to make a selection, Susan points to the red balloon. This uses her learner to
choose the correct answer errorlessly. This errorless prompt would fade over time
before mastery is reached.
Prompt Fading (most to least) (G3) - (correct answer)With this method you start the
most intrusive prompts and gradually fade to less intrusive prompts.
You might follow a prompting hierarchy such as: Full physical, partial physical, model,
verbal, gestural, independent.
Prompt Fading (least to most) (G3) - (correct answer)The method involves starting with
the least intrusive prompts and moving up in the prompting hierarchy. This can be
beneficial because it gives students to the opportunity to be independent and you are
only providing as much prompting as needed. This is a strategy we tend to use
naturally. Once you introduce a task, allow wait time to see how they respond naturally.
then you can give a gestural prompt. If this doesn't produce a correct response, move
up to a verbal, and so on.
Prompt delay (G4) - (correct answer)Begins with errorless teaching, and as you fade
this level of prompting, you insert a time delay
Example: When teaching a learner to point to the picture of a monkey:1. Errorless
teaching (present the SD and immediately point to the correct picture)2. SD: "Touch
monkey." Wait 2 seconds for learner to respond. If no response, point to the monkey.
Once the student is able to respond independently within 2 seconds, move to the next
step.3. SD: "Touch monkey." Wait 4 seconds for learner to respond. If no response,
point to the monkey. Once the student is able to respond independently within 4
seconds, continue to increase the prompt time delay.
Stimulus fading (G4) - (correct answer)Involves introducing or altering a new element,
such as color, intensity, or size, to the target stimulus, which is gradually faded by
reducing its intensity or components. Typically, only one element is altered at a time.
