Child Life Certification Exam.
Emma Plank -
In Cleveland, helped create the child life movement in the 50s and 60s
Wrote the book "working with children in hospitals"
Mary Brooks -
In Philadelphia, helped create the child life movement in the 50s and 60s
The Association for the Care of Children in Hospitals (1967) -
The first organization of personnel engaged in child life work
All Programs are guided by these two primary objectives -
1. to help children cope with the stress and anxiety of the hospital experience
2. to promote the child's normal growth and development while in the health care setting after returning
hom
Play -
It is a mechanism through which children learn, socialize, test their growing bodies, and, most
importantly for hospitalized children, it is a way they cope with the unfamiliar and express their
concerns.
overt or active response -
crying, screaming, whining, clinging to parents, resisting medicine, being self-destructive, being
destructive of the environment, fighting
passive response -
excessive sleeping
decreased communication
decreased activity
decreased eating
regressive behavior -
alterations in sleeping patterns
eating too much or too little
being tense, anxious, restless
manifesting fears (of hospitals, needles, death, ect.)
being overly concerned with one's body
displaying compulsive behavior
Vernon, Foley, Sipowicz and Schulman (1965) -
drawn a distinction between "immediate response" (behavior manifesting itself during the
hospitalization) and "post-hospital response".
Prugh, Staub, Sands, Kirschbaum and Lenihan (1953) -
Study that offers further evidence that a substantial percentage of children may suffer psychological
upset as a result of hospitalization
,Skipper and Leonard (1968) -
explored the effects of providing additional information and support to mothers of hospitalized
children
Vernon et al (1965) -
-support the belief that psychological preparation is an effective means of reducing post-hospital
upset
-found that only four of these determinants had been sufficiently investigated to warrant summary and
conclusion:
unfamiliarity of the hospital setting
separation from parents
age
prehospital experience
Wolfer and Visintainer (1975) -
provided impressive evidence that psychological preparation is an effective means of lessening the
upset of children during hospitalization as well as after discharge
Johnson, Kirchhoff and Endress (1975) -
found that discrepancies between a child's expectations and the actual physical sensations
experiences produce distress in the child
contagion hypothese -
parental anxiety is transmitted to the child, who then shows signs of stress
Castler (1961) -
Institutionalized children who suffered stimulus deprivation over prolonged periods demonstrated
profound delay in cognitive, physical, emotional and social development
Robertson (1958) and Bowlby (1960) -
Both describe a series of three stages which characterize a young child's response to seperation
The 3 Phases of Separation -
Protest, despair and detachment
Protest -
During this period of acute distress, children cry, scream and kick, all the while eagerly looking for
signs of their parent's return
Despair -
If parents do not return, children may enter a period characterized by "increased hopelessness"
Detachment -
In this phase, children appear to be making a recovery, as they once again become active and
interested in their surroundings
The upset child -
The child is calm and quite, until the parents arrive.
, The protest by the child is in fact a positive and reassuring sign that the child has not yet slipped into
the phase of detachment from the parents.
The child's interest in material goods -
parents are met by an indifferent child, who shows far more interest in the wrapped package than in
the parent who has brought it
The 'highly social' child -
allow human beings to come and go without regret
The child reluctant to leave -
this represents a child in the detachment phase
Schaffer and Callender (1959) -
offer substantiation for the belief that young infants are less vulnerable than other infants
Kassowitz (1958) and Levy (1960) -
found that young infants demonstrated less response to inoculation prior to the event than did older
infants
Campbell (1957) -
supports the idea that the "contagion hypothesis" (transmission of anxiety from parent to child) is
operable for young infants
Scarr-Salapatek and Williams (1973) -
came to the conclusion that child life workers should design and implement a stimulation program
for young infants to insure maximum development while hospitalized
Anna Freud (1977) -
Hospitalization often requires the child to temporarily yield some or all of new found skills
Burton (1975) -
Although any illness or hospitalization may place a severe stress on the family system, chronic
conditions present their own special hazards
(her study focused on patients with CF)
Hargrove and Dawson (1972) -
claim that contentions concerning children's upset in the presence of parents are based on a number
of questionable assumptions
Care by parental units -
parents live with their children and retain the role of primary caregivers
Gofman et al (1957) -
found that 57 percent of the parents whose children were hospitalized experienced "overwhelming
anxiety"
Hartley and Goldenson (1963) -
Emma Plank -
In Cleveland, helped create the child life movement in the 50s and 60s
Wrote the book "working with children in hospitals"
Mary Brooks -
In Philadelphia, helped create the child life movement in the 50s and 60s
The Association for the Care of Children in Hospitals (1967) -
The first organization of personnel engaged in child life work
All Programs are guided by these two primary objectives -
1. to help children cope with the stress and anxiety of the hospital experience
2. to promote the child's normal growth and development while in the health care setting after returning
hom
Play -
It is a mechanism through which children learn, socialize, test their growing bodies, and, most
importantly for hospitalized children, it is a way they cope with the unfamiliar and express their
concerns.
overt or active response -
crying, screaming, whining, clinging to parents, resisting medicine, being self-destructive, being
destructive of the environment, fighting
passive response -
excessive sleeping
decreased communication
decreased activity
decreased eating
regressive behavior -
alterations in sleeping patterns
eating too much or too little
being tense, anxious, restless
manifesting fears (of hospitals, needles, death, ect.)
being overly concerned with one's body
displaying compulsive behavior
Vernon, Foley, Sipowicz and Schulman (1965) -
drawn a distinction between "immediate response" (behavior manifesting itself during the
hospitalization) and "post-hospital response".
Prugh, Staub, Sands, Kirschbaum and Lenihan (1953) -
Study that offers further evidence that a substantial percentage of children may suffer psychological
upset as a result of hospitalization
,Skipper and Leonard (1968) -
explored the effects of providing additional information and support to mothers of hospitalized
children
Vernon et al (1965) -
-support the belief that psychological preparation is an effective means of reducing post-hospital
upset
-found that only four of these determinants had been sufficiently investigated to warrant summary and
conclusion:
unfamiliarity of the hospital setting
separation from parents
age
prehospital experience
Wolfer and Visintainer (1975) -
provided impressive evidence that psychological preparation is an effective means of lessening the
upset of children during hospitalization as well as after discharge
Johnson, Kirchhoff and Endress (1975) -
found that discrepancies between a child's expectations and the actual physical sensations
experiences produce distress in the child
contagion hypothese -
parental anxiety is transmitted to the child, who then shows signs of stress
Castler (1961) -
Institutionalized children who suffered stimulus deprivation over prolonged periods demonstrated
profound delay in cognitive, physical, emotional and social development
Robertson (1958) and Bowlby (1960) -
Both describe a series of three stages which characterize a young child's response to seperation
The 3 Phases of Separation -
Protest, despair and detachment
Protest -
During this period of acute distress, children cry, scream and kick, all the while eagerly looking for
signs of their parent's return
Despair -
If parents do not return, children may enter a period characterized by "increased hopelessness"
Detachment -
In this phase, children appear to be making a recovery, as they once again become active and
interested in their surroundings
The upset child -
The child is calm and quite, until the parents arrive.
, The protest by the child is in fact a positive and reassuring sign that the child has not yet slipped into
the phase of detachment from the parents.
The child's interest in material goods -
parents are met by an indifferent child, who shows far more interest in the wrapped package than in
the parent who has brought it
The 'highly social' child -
allow human beings to come and go without regret
The child reluctant to leave -
this represents a child in the detachment phase
Schaffer and Callender (1959) -
offer substantiation for the belief that young infants are less vulnerable than other infants
Kassowitz (1958) and Levy (1960) -
found that young infants demonstrated less response to inoculation prior to the event than did older
infants
Campbell (1957) -
supports the idea that the "contagion hypothesis" (transmission of anxiety from parent to child) is
operable for young infants
Scarr-Salapatek and Williams (1973) -
came to the conclusion that child life workers should design and implement a stimulation program
for young infants to insure maximum development while hospitalized
Anna Freud (1977) -
Hospitalization often requires the child to temporarily yield some or all of new found skills
Burton (1975) -
Although any illness or hospitalization may place a severe stress on the family system, chronic
conditions present their own special hazards
(her study focused on patients with CF)
Hargrove and Dawson (1972) -
claim that contentions concerning children's upset in the presence of parents are based on a number
of questionable assumptions
Care by parental units -
parents live with their children and retain the role of primary caregivers
Gofman et al (1957) -
found that 57 percent of the parents whose children were hospitalized experienced "overwhelming
anxiety"
Hartley and Goldenson (1963) -
