1
,CONTENTS
Introduction 10
Chapter 1: Anatomy of the Eye 17
The Eye 18
Outer Tissues of the Eyeball 22
Cornea 22
Uveal Tract 26 17
Inner Tissues of the Eyeball 30
Pigmented Epithelium 30
The Retina 30
Transparent Media of the Eye 39
The Aqueous Humour 39
Vitreous Body 41
Crystalline Lens 42
Supporting Structures 42
Orbit 42
Eyelids 43
Tear Ducts and Glands 48
Extraocular Muscles 49
Chapter 2: Protection and
Movements of the Eye 51
Protective Mechanisms 51
Innervation 52
Blink Refl exes 53
Secretion of Tears 54
Movements of the Eyes 56
Axes of the Eye 57
Actions of the Muscles 57
Binocular Movements 58
Nervous Control 60
Refl ex Pathways 60
, Voluntary Centre 63
Nature of Eye Movements 63
Work of the Lens System 66
Refraction 66
Focusing 68
Abnormalities of Focus 68
Accommodation 69
Pupil Response 71
Chapter 3:Vision and the
Retina 75
Neuron Networks of the Retina 75
The Work of the Retina 79
Threshold of Light Detection 79
Dark Adaptation 80
Bleaching 82
Minimum Stimulus for Vision 83
Inhibition 86
Flicker 87
Visual Acuity 88
Chapter 4: Electrophysiology of the
Retina 95
Neurological Basis 95
The Electroretinogram 98
Resolving Power 99
Colour Vision 100
Spectral Sensitivity 102
Wavelength Discrimination 103
Colour Mixing 105
Young-Helmholtz Theory 107
Neuron Response to Colour 109
Cells of the Receptive Field 112
The Photochemical Process 113
Rhodopsin 113
Transduction 114
3
, Chapter 5: Vision and the
Brain 117
The Visual
Pathway 117
Fusion of Retinal Images 119
The Visual Field 119
Lateral Geniculate Body 120
Integration of Retinal Information
123
Perceptual Aspects of Vision 125
Relative Positions of Objects
125 Position in Relation to
Observer 126 Visual Estimates:
Directions of Lines 127 Visual Estimates:
Comparison of Lengths 128
Depth Perception 129
Binocular Vision 130
Retinal Rivalry 136
Ocular Dominance 137
Binocular Brightness Sensation
139
Neurons of the Visual Centres 140
Ganglion Cells 140
Geniculate Neurons 140
Cortical Neurons 141
Chapter 6: Diseases of the Outer Eye 144
Diseases of the Orbit 144
Infl ammation of the Orbit 144
Tumours of the Orbit 146
Diseases of the Eyelids 146
Blepharitis 146
Sty 148
Shingles 149
Malposition of the Lids 150
Tumours of the Lids 152
Diseases of the Conjunctiva 153
,CONTENTS
Introduction 10
Chapter 1: Anatomy of the Eye 17
The Eye 18
Outer Tissues of the Eyeball 22
Cornea 22
Uveal Tract 26 17
Inner Tissues of the Eyeball 30
Pigmented Epithelium 30
The Retina 30
Transparent Media of the Eye 39
The Aqueous Humour 39
Vitreous Body 41
Crystalline Lens 42
Supporting Structures 42
Orbit 42
Eyelids 43
Tear Ducts and Glands 48
Extraocular Muscles 49
Chapter 2: Protection and
Movements of the Eye 51
Protective Mechanisms 51
Innervation 52
Blink Refl exes 53
Secretion of Tears 54
Movements of the Eyes 56
Axes of the Eye 57
Actions of the Muscles 57
Binocular Movements 58
Nervous Control 60
Refl ex Pathways 60
, Voluntary Centre 63
Nature of Eye Movements 63
Work of the Lens System 66
Refraction 66
Focusing 68
Abnormalities of Focus 68
Accommodation 69
Pupil Response 71
Chapter 3:Vision and the
Retina 75
Neuron Networks of the Retina 75
The Work of the Retina 79
Threshold of Light Detection 79
Dark Adaptation 80
Bleaching 82
Minimum Stimulus for Vision 83
Inhibition 86
Flicker 87
Visual Acuity 88
Chapter 4: Electrophysiology of the
Retina 95
Neurological Basis 95
The Electroretinogram 98
Resolving Power 99
Colour Vision 100
Spectral Sensitivity 102
Wavelength Discrimination 103
Colour Mixing 105
Young-Helmholtz Theory 107
Neuron Response to Colour 109
Cells of the Receptive Field 112
The Photochemical Process 113
Rhodopsin 113
Transduction 114
3
, Chapter 5: Vision and the
Brain 117
The Visual
Pathway 117
Fusion of Retinal Images 119
The Visual Field 119
Lateral Geniculate Body 120
Integration of Retinal Information
123
Perceptual Aspects of Vision 125
Relative Positions of Objects
125 Position in Relation to
Observer 126 Visual Estimates:
Directions of Lines 127 Visual Estimates:
Comparison of Lengths 128
Depth Perception 129
Binocular Vision 130
Retinal Rivalry 136
Ocular Dominance 137
Binocular Brightness Sensation
139
Neurons of the Visual Centres 140
Ganglion Cells 140
Geniculate Neurons 140
Cortical Neurons 141
Chapter 6: Diseases of the Outer Eye 144
Diseases of the Orbit 144
Infl ammation of the Orbit 144
Tumours of the Orbit 146
Diseases of the Eyelids 146
Blepharitis 146
Sty 148
Shingles 149
Malposition of the Lids 150
Tumours of the Lids 152
Diseases of the Conjunctiva 153
