NURS5002 EXAM STUDY SET @
2024-2025
Incidence - Answer Occurrence of new cases of disease or condition in a particular
population during particular period
Prevalence - Answer Number of all cases of a disease or condition in a particular
population during particular period
Rate - Answer A proportion for which a particular time period is specified.
Two types of research designs - Answer Observational, experimental
Types of observational research - Answer Descriptive, analytic
Type of experimental research - Answer Analytic
Analytic research - Answer Association between exposure and outcome, how, why
Descriptive research - Answer Occurrence of outcome, who what when where
Sources of error in studies - Answer Random error = chance, P value, confidence
interval
Systematic error = how sample is selected, bias with info or confounders
P value - Answer P value less than 0.05 P<0.05 probability of obtaining the observed
value by chance is less than 1 in 20. 95% confidence it is not due to chance.
Selection bias - Answer Errors due to systematic differences in characteristics between
those who are selected for study and those who are not.
Social model of health (Broom 1991) - Answer Locates people in social contexts,
conceptualizes the physical environment as socially organized, and understands ill
health as a process of interaction between people and their environments
Biomedical model of health - Answer Focuses on risk behaviours and healthy lifestyles,
emphasises health education, individual responsibility, treats people in isolation of their
environments
Sex - Answer Biological differences
Leading cause of illness, disability and death - Answer * Chronic diseases (90% of all
deaths in 2011)
* Lifestyle choices were a major contributor to the development of many chronic
diseases, other factors such as our income, education and whether we had a
, job—known as 'social determinants'—all affected our health, for better or worse
Whitehall studies - Answer * Study in late '70s of 18,000 Whitehall officials
* Found social organisation of work is a factor in ill health
* Lowest level had relative risk of 2.1 for cardiovascular disease mortality compared to
the highest level
* Focused attention on the concept of a social gradient in health
* Highlighted the importance of control over one's life/work
Social determinants of health in Australia - Answer Socioeconomic status (SES)
Social capital
Ethnicity
Health literacy
Work & unemployment
Social exclusion
Place of living
1. PLACE OF LIVING - Answer * Mortality increases with increasing remoteness
* The 20% of Australians living in the lowest socioeconomic areas in 2014-15 were 1.6
times as likely as the highest 20% to have at least two chronic health conditions, such as
heart disease and diabetes.
2. SOCIAL INCLUSION/EXCLUSION - Answer * Homelessness is associated with
significant health disadvantage, including injury, poor nutrition, mental health problems,
access to health & social services
3. HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS - Answer In 2011-12, the percentage of adults who saw or
needed to see a GP but delayed seeing or did not see one due to cost varied across
Medicare Local
catchments, ranging from 1% to 13%
Social gradient - Answer Social disadvantage associated with shorter lives, more
disease
Social determinants of health - Answer The conditions in which people are born, grow,
live, work and age, including the health system. These circumstances are shaped by the
distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels, which
are themselves influenced by policy choices.
2024-2025
Incidence - Answer Occurrence of new cases of disease or condition in a particular
population during particular period
Prevalence - Answer Number of all cases of a disease or condition in a particular
population during particular period
Rate - Answer A proportion for which a particular time period is specified.
Two types of research designs - Answer Observational, experimental
Types of observational research - Answer Descriptive, analytic
Type of experimental research - Answer Analytic
Analytic research - Answer Association between exposure and outcome, how, why
Descriptive research - Answer Occurrence of outcome, who what when where
Sources of error in studies - Answer Random error = chance, P value, confidence
interval
Systematic error = how sample is selected, bias with info or confounders
P value - Answer P value less than 0.05 P<0.05 probability of obtaining the observed
value by chance is less than 1 in 20. 95% confidence it is not due to chance.
Selection bias - Answer Errors due to systematic differences in characteristics between
those who are selected for study and those who are not.
Social model of health (Broom 1991) - Answer Locates people in social contexts,
conceptualizes the physical environment as socially organized, and understands ill
health as a process of interaction between people and their environments
Biomedical model of health - Answer Focuses on risk behaviours and healthy lifestyles,
emphasises health education, individual responsibility, treats people in isolation of their
environments
Sex - Answer Biological differences
Leading cause of illness, disability and death - Answer * Chronic diseases (90% of all
deaths in 2011)
* Lifestyle choices were a major contributor to the development of many chronic
diseases, other factors such as our income, education and whether we had a
, job—known as 'social determinants'—all affected our health, for better or worse
Whitehall studies - Answer * Study in late '70s of 18,000 Whitehall officials
* Found social organisation of work is a factor in ill health
* Lowest level had relative risk of 2.1 for cardiovascular disease mortality compared to
the highest level
* Focused attention on the concept of a social gradient in health
* Highlighted the importance of control over one's life/work
Social determinants of health in Australia - Answer Socioeconomic status (SES)
Social capital
Ethnicity
Health literacy
Work & unemployment
Social exclusion
Place of living
1. PLACE OF LIVING - Answer * Mortality increases with increasing remoteness
* The 20% of Australians living in the lowest socioeconomic areas in 2014-15 were 1.6
times as likely as the highest 20% to have at least two chronic health conditions, such as
heart disease and diabetes.
2. SOCIAL INCLUSION/EXCLUSION - Answer * Homelessness is associated with
significant health disadvantage, including injury, poor nutrition, mental health problems,
access to health & social services
3. HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS - Answer In 2011-12, the percentage of adults who saw or
needed to see a GP but delayed seeing or did not see one due to cost varied across
Medicare Local
catchments, ranging from 1% to 13%
Social gradient - Answer Social disadvantage associated with shorter lives, more
disease
Social determinants of health - Answer The conditions in which people are born, grow,
live, work and age, including the health system. These circumstances are shaped by the
distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels, which
are themselves influenced by policy choices.
