EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
NU 545 Unit 3 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
know which hormones are water-soluble and which are lipid-soluble - Answer✔✔-water
soluble:
peptides- GH, insulin, leptin, PTH, prolactin
glycoproteins- FSH, LH, TSH
polypeptides: adrenocorticotropic hormone, ADH, calcitonin, endorphins, glucagon,
hypothalamic hormones, lipotropins, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, oxytocin, somatostatin,
thymosin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone
amines: Epi, Norepi
lipid soluble:
Thyroxine: T3 and T4
Page 1/36
,EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
steroids: Estrogen, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, progestin, testosterone (all steroids are
cholesterol based)
derivatives of arachidonic acid (autocrine or paracrine action):
Leukotrienes, Prostacyclins, prostaglandins, thromboxanes
How are water-soluble hormones transported? - Answer✔✔-Water-soluble hormones are
proteins that are polarized with a high molecular weight. Because they cannot diffuse across the
lipid cell plasma membrane, they must interact or bind with receptors in or on the cell
membrane to activate a second-messenger to mediate short-acting responses.
How are lipid-soluble hormones transported? - Answer✔✔-Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse
freely across the cell and nuclear membrane and bind with cytosolic or nuclear receptors. (can
also bind with receptors in or on the plasma membrane)
know how protein hormones are transported in the blood - Answer✔✔-peptide or protein
hormones are water-soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms
why do water soluble hormones have a short half-life? - Answer✔✔-because they are
catabolized by circulating enzymes. Remember they are unbound.
How long can lipid-soluble hormones remain in the blood? - Answer✔✔-For hours to days. They
last longer in the blood because they are bound to carrier/transport proteins.
Page 2/36
,EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
only free hormones can do what? - Answer✔✔-initiate changes within a target cell
How does the concentration of binding proteins affect the concentration of free hormones in
the plasma? - Answer✔✔-because equilibrium exists between the concentration of free
hormones and hormones bound to plasma proteins
What are the two main functions of the target cell hormone receptor? - Answer✔✔-1. To
recognize and bind with high affinity to their particular hormones
2. To initiate a signal to appropriate intracellular effectors
*when a hormone is released into the circulatory system, it is distributed throughout the body,
but only those cells with appropriate hormone receptors for that hormone are affected.
what is oxytocin? - Answer✔✔-a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is implicated in behavior responses,
especially in women. Oxytocin plays a role in brain responsiveness to stressful stimuli, especially
in the pregnant and postpartum states.
How does oxytocin relate to the pituitary gland? - Answer✔✔-the posterior pituitary stores and
secretes oxytocin.
Once synthesized, oxytocin is packaged in secretory vesicles along with its neurophysin and
moved down the axons of the pituitary stalk to the pars nervosa for storage.
Page 3/36
, EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
Release of oxytocin is mediated by what? - Answer✔✔-cholinergic and adrenergic
neurotransmitters. the major stimulus for release is glutamate.
Where is oxytocin secreted and what are its effects? - Answer✔✔-it is secreted from the
posterior pituitary. Oxytocin is responsible for the contraction of the uterus and milk ejection in
lactating women and may affect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is released in response to
suckling (oxytocin binds to receptors on myoepithelial cells in the mammary tissue and cause
contraction causing milk expression or let down reflex) and distention of the uterus (oxytocin
stimulates contractions with a positive feedback loop).
Where is ADH secreted? - Answer✔✔-ADH is produced in the hypothalmus and secreted by the
posterior pituitary. ADH and the posterior pituitary regulate osmolality.
Where does ADH act? - Answer✔✔-ADH acts on vasopressin (V2) receptors of the renal tubular
cells to increase their permeability, which leads to increased water absorption in the blood
stream, increasing the concentration of urine and reducing serum osmolality.
what causes ADH to be secreted? - Answer✔✔-when plasma osmolality increases, the
osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus are stimulated- the rate of ADH secretion is increased
causing more water to be absorbed by the kidneys- the plasma osmolality returns to its set
point (280 mOsm/kg)
How does ADH effect electrolytes? - Answer✔✔-ADH does not directly effect electrolytes but
due to the dilutional effect of increasing water absorption, serum electrolytes may decrease
Page 4/36
NU 545 Unit 3 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
know which hormones are water-soluble and which are lipid-soluble - Answer✔✔-water
soluble:
peptides- GH, insulin, leptin, PTH, prolactin
glycoproteins- FSH, LH, TSH
polypeptides: adrenocorticotropic hormone, ADH, calcitonin, endorphins, glucagon,
hypothalamic hormones, lipotropins, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, oxytocin, somatostatin,
thymosin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone
amines: Epi, Norepi
lipid soluble:
Thyroxine: T3 and T4
Page 1/36
,EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
steroids: Estrogen, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, progestin, testosterone (all steroids are
cholesterol based)
derivatives of arachidonic acid (autocrine or paracrine action):
Leukotrienes, Prostacyclins, prostaglandins, thromboxanes
How are water-soluble hormones transported? - Answer✔✔-Water-soluble hormones are
proteins that are polarized with a high molecular weight. Because they cannot diffuse across the
lipid cell plasma membrane, they must interact or bind with receptors in or on the cell
membrane to activate a second-messenger to mediate short-acting responses.
How are lipid-soluble hormones transported? - Answer✔✔-Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse
freely across the cell and nuclear membrane and bind with cytosolic or nuclear receptors. (can
also bind with receptors in or on the plasma membrane)
know how protein hormones are transported in the blood - Answer✔✔-peptide or protein
hormones are water-soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms
why do water soluble hormones have a short half-life? - Answer✔✔-because they are
catabolized by circulating enzymes. Remember they are unbound.
How long can lipid-soluble hormones remain in the blood? - Answer✔✔-For hours to days. They
last longer in the blood because they are bound to carrier/transport proteins.
Page 2/36
,EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
only free hormones can do what? - Answer✔✔-initiate changes within a target cell
How does the concentration of binding proteins affect the concentration of free hormones in
the plasma? - Answer✔✔-because equilibrium exists between the concentration of free
hormones and hormones bound to plasma proteins
What are the two main functions of the target cell hormone receptor? - Answer✔✔-1. To
recognize and bind with high affinity to their particular hormones
2. To initiate a signal to appropriate intracellular effectors
*when a hormone is released into the circulatory system, it is distributed throughout the body,
but only those cells with appropriate hormone receptors for that hormone are affected.
what is oxytocin? - Answer✔✔-a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is implicated in behavior responses,
especially in women. Oxytocin plays a role in brain responsiveness to stressful stimuli, especially
in the pregnant and postpartum states.
How does oxytocin relate to the pituitary gland? - Answer✔✔-the posterior pituitary stores and
secretes oxytocin.
Once synthesized, oxytocin is packaged in secretory vesicles along with its neurophysin and
moved down the axons of the pituitary stalk to the pars nervosa for storage.
Page 3/36
, EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
Release of oxytocin is mediated by what? - Answer✔✔-cholinergic and adrenergic
neurotransmitters. the major stimulus for release is glutamate.
Where is oxytocin secreted and what are its effects? - Answer✔✔-it is secreted from the
posterior pituitary. Oxytocin is responsible for the contraction of the uterus and milk ejection in
lactating women and may affect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is released in response to
suckling (oxytocin binds to receptors on myoepithelial cells in the mammary tissue and cause
contraction causing milk expression or let down reflex) and distention of the uterus (oxytocin
stimulates contractions with a positive feedback loop).
Where is ADH secreted? - Answer✔✔-ADH is produced in the hypothalmus and secreted by the
posterior pituitary. ADH and the posterior pituitary regulate osmolality.
Where does ADH act? - Answer✔✔-ADH acts on vasopressin (V2) receptors of the renal tubular
cells to increase their permeability, which leads to increased water absorption in the blood
stream, increasing the concentration of urine and reducing serum osmolality.
what causes ADH to be secreted? - Answer✔✔-when plasma osmolality increases, the
osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus are stimulated- the rate of ADH secretion is increased
causing more water to be absorbed by the kidneys- the plasma osmolality returns to its set
point (280 mOsm/kg)
How does ADH effect electrolytes? - Answer✔✔-ADH does not directly effect electrolytes but
due to the dilutional effect of increasing water absorption, serum electrolytes may decrease
Page 4/36
