Psyc 325 (Otago) Exam Material Questions with
correct answers
Selective, collective Correct Answer-Two types of Incapacitation of
criminals
Selective Correct Answer-Incapacitation that seeks to prevent crime
through the physical restraint of criminals so that they personally will be
stopped from engaging in forbidden activities, prevents harm to society
by individuals
Collective Correct Answer-incapacitation that seeks to prevent crime
through sentencing laws that are specific to the crime committed,
protects society from all the people who commit a certain crime
Pareidolia Correct Answer-Term used to describe how the brain is wired
to find meaning where there is none, especially with faces, religion,
iconography. Brain sees what it looks for.
Past experiences, stereotypes, expectations Correct Answer-Our
perception of stimuli and our reaction to them depends on (3 things)
Schemas Correct Answer-Beliefs and expectations concerning the
nature, characteristics, behaviours, or functions of objects, people, and
events. Blueprints for events.
,chronically activated Correct Answer-schemas that are important to our
self-concept or professional functioning may be __________ ________
and widely applied to incoming stimuli e.g. show police officers 2
people shaking hands, they see "drug deal".
Temporary influences Correct Answer-These (________ _________)
can also trigger schema activation e.g. in a week med students learn how
to take blood, then all they see for a week is veins - affects what we
notice.
Statements from others Correct Answer-schemas can also be activated
by ___________ ____ _____ e.g. hearing "stop thief!" when someone
runs past you will make you see them differently to if no one said
anything - e.g. see them as more "shady"
Primed Correct Answer-Schemas that have been ______ may remain
active and affect processing of new information e.g. get back from
paedophile trial, you are more aware of how people interact with your
child.
Fraser Correct Answer-Study by ______. Potential for error experiment.
Group A primed to believe that Bain shot his family, Group B primed to
believe that father shot the family; asked opinions about what was said
in the 911 phone call at 7 diff time points. Told either "I shot the prick"
or "He shot them all". Major influence perceptions of tape's contents
once given what to listen for.
,Payne Correct Answer-Study by _____ on potential for error from
priming with either a black or white face, then asked to classify objects
into "tools" or "weapons". Black face priming leads to mistakenly
identifying tools as weapons - vice versa for white face primed group.
Correll et al. Correct Answer-______ __ __. Study on potential for error;
computer simulation, asked to shoot only targets holding weapons. more
likely to shoot unarmed black people than unarmed white people.
attention, salience, arousal, weapons Correct Answer-4 factors that may
influence encoding
Simon & Chabris Correct Answer-_____ & ______ study on change
blindness (selective attention, influences what we encode)
Leippe, Wells & Ostrom Correct Answer-_____, ____ & ______. Study
on effect of salence, staged a theft in front of students, item was either
expensive or trivial. eyewitnesses were more accurate when item was
perceived as more expensive (so crime was more serious). Effect only
when value of item was known at the time of robbery -> definitely an
encoding effect. Implication: in many crimes people don't realise
seriousness so they don't encode details very well
Kassin et al. Correct Answer-______ __ __. study on effect of
stress/arousal, 64% of eyewitness memory expert believe that stress has
a negative effect on memory accuracy. but actual evidence is mixed.
, Loftus & Burns Correct Answer-Study by ______ & ____ on effect of
stress/arousal; showed ppts movie of bank robbery with either violent or
nonviolent ending, those who watched violent version had poorer
memories for details seen immediately before the violence
Wessel & Merkelbach; central, peripheral Correct Answer-______ &
__________; exposed people with or without spider phobia to a live
spider in jar; memory for ______ events did not differ, but _______
details were less accurate in phobic people.
Cue Utilisation Theory Correct Answer-coined by Easterbrook (1959);
people can only attend to a limited number of cues at any one time. as
stress increases, their attention narrows to the stress-generating features.
Weapon focus effect Correct Answer-effect whereby perp's weapon
draws a lot of visual attention from eyewitnesses, so they are worse at
identifying the perp when a weapon was involved.
Loftus, Loftus & Messo Correct Answer-_____, _____ & _____, studied
weapon focus effect, ppts saw slides of customer pulling out chequebook
or handgun in video. even in harmless situations people are more drawn
to a weapon -> context is having an effect
Pickel Correct Answer-_____. Ppts saw slides of either police or priest
carrying gun or cellphone. accuracy declines when priest carrying gun
but no diff for police officer -> context effect because prise with gun is
surprising. But stress can still have effect - stress and context are both
having influence on attention.
correct answers
Selective, collective Correct Answer-Two types of Incapacitation of
criminals
Selective Correct Answer-Incapacitation that seeks to prevent crime
through the physical restraint of criminals so that they personally will be
stopped from engaging in forbidden activities, prevents harm to society
by individuals
Collective Correct Answer-incapacitation that seeks to prevent crime
through sentencing laws that are specific to the crime committed,
protects society from all the people who commit a certain crime
Pareidolia Correct Answer-Term used to describe how the brain is wired
to find meaning where there is none, especially with faces, religion,
iconography. Brain sees what it looks for.
Past experiences, stereotypes, expectations Correct Answer-Our
perception of stimuli and our reaction to them depends on (3 things)
Schemas Correct Answer-Beliefs and expectations concerning the
nature, characteristics, behaviours, or functions of objects, people, and
events. Blueprints for events.
,chronically activated Correct Answer-schemas that are important to our
self-concept or professional functioning may be __________ ________
and widely applied to incoming stimuli e.g. show police officers 2
people shaking hands, they see "drug deal".
Temporary influences Correct Answer-These (________ _________)
can also trigger schema activation e.g. in a week med students learn how
to take blood, then all they see for a week is veins - affects what we
notice.
Statements from others Correct Answer-schemas can also be activated
by ___________ ____ _____ e.g. hearing "stop thief!" when someone
runs past you will make you see them differently to if no one said
anything - e.g. see them as more "shady"
Primed Correct Answer-Schemas that have been ______ may remain
active and affect processing of new information e.g. get back from
paedophile trial, you are more aware of how people interact with your
child.
Fraser Correct Answer-Study by ______. Potential for error experiment.
Group A primed to believe that Bain shot his family, Group B primed to
believe that father shot the family; asked opinions about what was said
in the 911 phone call at 7 diff time points. Told either "I shot the prick"
or "He shot them all". Major influence perceptions of tape's contents
once given what to listen for.
,Payne Correct Answer-Study by _____ on potential for error from
priming with either a black or white face, then asked to classify objects
into "tools" or "weapons". Black face priming leads to mistakenly
identifying tools as weapons - vice versa for white face primed group.
Correll et al. Correct Answer-______ __ __. Study on potential for error;
computer simulation, asked to shoot only targets holding weapons. more
likely to shoot unarmed black people than unarmed white people.
attention, salience, arousal, weapons Correct Answer-4 factors that may
influence encoding
Simon & Chabris Correct Answer-_____ & ______ study on change
blindness (selective attention, influences what we encode)
Leippe, Wells & Ostrom Correct Answer-_____, ____ & ______. Study
on effect of salence, staged a theft in front of students, item was either
expensive or trivial. eyewitnesses were more accurate when item was
perceived as more expensive (so crime was more serious). Effect only
when value of item was known at the time of robbery -> definitely an
encoding effect. Implication: in many crimes people don't realise
seriousness so they don't encode details very well
Kassin et al. Correct Answer-______ __ __. study on effect of
stress/arousal, 64% of eyewitness memory expert believe that stress has
a negative effect on memory accuracy. but actual evidence is mixed.
, Loftus & Burns Correct Answer-Study by ______ & ____ on effect of
stress/arousal; showed ppts movie of bank robbery with either violent or
nonviolent ending, those who watched violent version had poorer
memories for details seen immediately before the violence
Wessel & Merkelbach; central, peripheral Correct Answer-______ &
__________; exposed people with or without spider phobia to a live
spider in jar; memory for ______ events did not differ, but _______
details were less accurate in phobic people.
Cue Utilisation Theory Correct Answer-coined by Easterbrook (1959);
people can only attend to a limited number of cues at any one time. as
stress increases, their attention narrows to the stress-generating features.
Weapon focus effect Correct Answer-effect whereby perp's weapon
draws a lot of visual attention from eyewitnesses, so they are worse at
identifying the perp when a weapon was involved.
Loftus, Loftus & Messo Correct Answer-_____, _____ & _____, studied
weapon focus effect, ppts saw slides of customer pulling out chequebook
or handgun in video. even in harmless situations people are more drawn
to a weapon -> context is having an effect
Pickel Correct Answer-_____. Ppts saw slides of either police or priest
carrying gun or cellphone. accuracy declines when priest carrying gun
but no diff for police officer -> context effect because prise with gun is
surprising. But stress can still have effect - stress and context are both
having influence on attention.
