EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
Practice Test 1 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Arnold Lazarus - Answer✔✔-Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic
desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy.
A counselor is working with a mute autistic childs in order to help thel childs develop language.
Thel counselor begins by rewarding thel childs with foods whenever hel vocalizes. The counselor
then begins to rewards the child only when his vocalizations occur within ten seconds off the
counselor's vocalizations, then only if the child's vocalizations resemble the counselor's, and so
on, until the child's vocalizations match those off the counselor. This technique is known as: -
Answer✔✔-SHAPING is an operant conditioning procedure used to establish behaviors. It
involves reinforcing an individual when he/she displays closer and closer approximations to the
desired behavior. (a) CLASSICAL CONDITIONING refers to a type of learning in which a previously
neutral stimulus through repeated pairing with a stimulus that elicits a certain response
eventually elicits the response itself. (c) CHAINING is a type of learning involving the association
of responses such that each response acts as the stimulus for the following response.
John Krumboltz - Answer✔✔-Social Learning Approach
Page 1/25
,EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
The social learning theory of career decision making is an outgrowth of the general social
learning theory of behavior, which is most often associated with the work of Albert Bandura. (a)
Crites is most associated with the trait and factor theory. (b) Super developed a theory of career
choice based on personality development. (c) Bordin is a theorist who is identified with the
psychodynamic model of career choice.
Reflection - Answer✔✔-A reflection is a restatement of a counselee's message that emphasizes
the emotional component of the message.
Summarization - Answer✔✔-Has several purposes, including recapping a long client monologue;
bringing focus to an interview; providing a smooth transition between subjects; helping the
client see connections among different thoughts or feelings he/she has expressed; and
reviewing progress made during one interview or thus far in treatment.
Interpretation - Answer✔✔-Interpretation involves suggesting a new meaning or a new way of
perceiving a problem or event in response to feelings and meanings the client expresses. It
responds to the implicit elements of a client's message.
Confrontation - Answer✔✔-Confrontation is primarily used to make a client aware of
inconsistencies within his/her perceptions or attitudes, between his/her perceptions and
objective facts, or between his/her verbal and nonverbal behaviors. It usually emphasizes
factors that contribute to the client's problem or interfere with his/her progress.
Monitoring Instruments - Answer✔✔-Monitoring instruments, such as Crites' Career Maturity
Index, are designed to assess an examinee's "career progress."
Page 2/25
, EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
Rather than attempting to determine which career an examinee is likely to choose, monitoring
instruments are used to assess factors such as an examinee's readiness to make a career choice.
According to Vroom, which of following determines career choice? - Answer✔✔-Vroom's
Expectancy Model says that a person's career decision-making process is determined by the
interaction of valences and expectancies. Valences are a person's career-related preferences.
Expectancies are a person's career-related expectations.
The force on the individual to choose a particular career equals the sum of (1) the valences of all
outcomes and (2) the strength of his/her expectancies that the choice will result in attaining the
outcomes he/she desires. Therefore, the interaction of valence and expectancy, not either one
by itself, determines career choice.
Bandura's Social Cogntiion Theory - Answer✔✔-Three of the four choices - retention, attention,
and reproduction - are related to Bandura's theory. He called the process of remembering the
behavior in order to reproduce "RETENTION," whereas ATTENTION is the process of recognizing
the behavior and REPRODUCTION is the process of imitating the behavior.
Group - Answer✔✔-It is a dysfunctional group norm to focus on the past or issues not relevant
to the group purpose. Immediate events take precedence over the past, although the group
doesn't have to focus exclusively on the here-and-now. Some accounts of past incidents are
important and relevant.
Page 3/25
Practice Test 1 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Arnold Lazarus - Answer✔✔-Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic
desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy.
A counselor is working with a mute autistic childs in order to help thel childs develop language.
Thel counselor begins by rewarding thel childs with foods whenever hel vocalizes. The counselor
then begins to rewards the child only when his vocalizations occur within ten seconds off the
counselor's vocalizations, then only if the child's vocalizations resemble the counselor's, and so
on, until the child's vocalizations match those off the counselor. This technique is known as: -
Answer✔✔-SHAPING is an operant conditioning procedure used to establish behaviors. It
involves reinforcing an individual when he/she displays closer and closer approximations to the
desired behavior. (a) CLASSICAL CONDITIONING refers to a type of learning in which a previously
neutral stimulus through repeated pairing with a stimulus that elicits a certain response
eventually elicits the response itself. (c) CHAINING is a type of learning involving the association
of responses such that each response acts as the stimulus for the following response.
John Krumboltz - Answer✔✔-Social Learning Approach
Page 1/25
,EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
The social learning theory of career decision making is an outgrowth of the general social
learning theory of behavior, which is most often associated with the work of Albert Bandura. (a)
Crites is most associated with the trait and factor theory. (b) Super developed a theory of career
choice based on personality development. (c) Bordin is a theorist who is identified with the
psychodynamic model of career choice.
Reflection - Answer✔✔-A reflection is a restatement of a counselee's message that emphasizes
the emotional component of the message.
Summarization - Answer✔✔-Has several purposes, including recapping a long client monologue;
bringing focus to an interview; providing a smooth transition between subjects; helping the
client see connections among different thoughts or feelings he/she has expressed; and
reviewing progress made during one interview or thus far in treatment.
Interpretation - Answer✔✔-Interpretation involves suggesting a new meaning or a new way of
perceiving a problem or event in response to feelings and meanings the client expresses. It
responds to the implicit elements of a client's message.
Confrontation - Answer✔✔-Confrontation is primarily used to make a client aware of
inconsistencies within his/her perceptions or attitudes, between his/her perceptions and
objective facts, or between his/her verbal and nonverbal behaviors. It usually emphasizes
factors that contribute to the client's problem or interfere with his/her progress.
Monitoring Instruments - Answer✔✔-Monitoring instruments, such as Crites' Career Maturity
Index, are designed to assess an examinee's "career progress."
Page 2/25
, EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024
Rather than attempting to determine which career an examinee is likely to choose, monitoring
instruments are used to assess factors such as an examinee's readiness to make a career choice.
According to Vroom, which of following determines career choice? - Answer✔✔-Vroom's
Expectancy Model says that a person's career decision-making process is determined by the
interaction of valences and expectancies. Valences are a person's career-related preferences.
Expectancies are a person's career-related expectations.
The force on the individual to choose a particular career equals the sum of (1) the valences of all
outcomes and (2) the strength of his/her expectancies that the choice will result in attaining the
outcomes he/she desires. Therefore, the interaction of valence and expectancy, not either one
by itself, determines career choice.
Bandura's Social Cogntiion Theory - Answer✔✔-Three of the four choices - retention, attention,
and reproduction - are related to Bandura's theory. He called the process of remembering the
behavior in order to reproduce "RETENTION," whereas ATTENTION is the process of recognizing
the behavior and REPRODUCTION is the process of imitating the behavior.
Group - Answer✔✔-It is a dysfunctional group norm to focus on the past or issues not relevant
to the group purpose. Immediate events take precedence over the past, although the group
doesn't have to focus exclusively on the here-and-now. Some accounts of past incidents are
important and relevant.
Page 3/25
