Geol 107 final
'Normal climate' Correct Answer Climate modelling and
assessment of global change both require a determination of
what is a "normal" climate for the region. But as recent events
have shown, can be very difficult to determine what a normal
climate is! Using geological and fossil proxies allows climatic
reconstructions over the full range of Earth evolution. On this
timescale, concept of 'normal' is very different. Superb Neogene
record with gradual loss of resolution as get older.
"Deep Time" Correct Answer The age of the universe (14
billion years) or the Earth (4.6 billion) is almost impossible for
the public to comprehend. Life first appeared early in Earth
history but complex life and human dev. are rather late
innovations
"leaky replacement" Correct Answer Molecular data available
to date seems to be most compatible with a modification of the
monogenesis theory with minor genetic interchange between
humans and other hominid groups.
"Tasmanian Wolf" Correct Answer Australian dog-like top
carnivore.
"Warm little pond" Correct Answer Darwin wrote famous
letter to Joseph Hooker in 1871 suggesting life began this way.
Seems unlikely, since extremophiles are at the root of the
universal tree of life. Most recent research focuses on
hydrothermal systems (eg. mid-ocean ridges, vents and caldera).
,2 big evolutionary drivers Correct Answer Skeletons and tools
led to brain development, not the other way around.
2 fundamental controls on evolution of horses Correct Answer
Migration and climate change. Horse evolution from combo of
red queen and court jestor effect
2 main groups of primates Correct Answer Strepsirhini -
lemurs and bush babies
Hapiorhini - apes,
2 major techniques to classifying organisms Correct Answer
Cladistics and molecular phylogeny
2 orders of hoofed mammals that appeared in Eocene Correct
Answer Artiodactyles - even toed ungulates. Include deer,
sheep, camels, cow, pigs and hippos
Perissodactyls - odd toed ungulates. Include modern horses,
rhinos and tapirs plus several extinct groups
3 concerns Correct Answer 1. Predator-prey footprint ratios
highly variable, but generally more in the 25% predator range.
2. Gigantotherms and partial endotherms would require far less
energy than modern endothermic mammalian carnivores. Since
an adult tyrannosaurus was a gigantotherm, could have survived
on as few as 5 good feeds per year!
3. Bakker's analysis implies that the predators were endotherms,
but says nothing about their prey!
3 factors for decreasing diversity on Earth Correct Answer
Cambrian fauna, Paleozoic fauna/biota, modern fauna. Look at
,graphs to see increasing. Increase is evident in both shelly fossil
records and soft-bodied animals. Predominantly in oceans.
3 main domains of universal tree of life Correct Answer
Archaea, bacteria, eukaryota
3 main groupings of amniotes Correct Answer Based on
number and position of fenestrae (holes other than orbits and
nostrils). Anapsid, synapsid and diapsid. Th anapsid condition is
primitive, synapsid and diapsid conditions were derived from
anapsid reptiles in the Late Carboniferous.
3 main innovations of Cambrian brains Correct Answer 1)
Complex patterns of deposit-feeding and predation
2) Vertical dwelling burrows
3) Systematic meandering burrows
Marks extinction of Ediacara Biota.
3 main stages in the oxygenation of the Earth Correct Answer
Iron Ocean, Canfield Ocean, Modern Ocean
3 scales of extinctions Correct Answer Major, intermediate,
lesser.
3 sets of morphological characters Correct Answer 1) Primitive
(relating to original ancestrol features = pleisiomorphies)
2) Derived (first appear in the clade = apomorphies)
3) Convergent/analogous (similar features in unrelated
organisms)
, 3 steps in synthesis of life Correct Answer 1) Formation of
simple organic molecules (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars)
2) Combination of simple organic molecules into complex
organic molecules (DNA, RNA, Proteins)
3) Initiation of replication (reproduction)
3 types of "human prints" present Correct Answer 1. poorly
preserved prints represent poorly preserved bipedal dinos and/or
erosion marks that have been over-interpreted.
2. Well preserved 'human' prints were deliberately carved during
the Depression and sold to tourists
3. Only a small percentage seem to be deliberate frauds.
4 kingdoms of Eukaryotes Correct Answer 1) Protoctista
(protists) - unicellular eukaryotes
2) Fungi - multicellular eukaryotes (non-motile, absorb nutrients
from dead or living organisms)
3) Plantae - multicellular eukaryotes (non-motile,
photosynthesizers)
4) Animalia - Multicellular eukaryotes (motile hetrotrophs)
4 possible solutions to cold/war-blooded debate Correct Answer
1. All dinos were ectotherms ("Overgrown lizards")
2. All dinos were full endotherms (Bakker's Delight)
3. Dinos were a diverse group that contained ectotherms, partial
endotherms, and full endotherms.
4. Large adult dinos were gigantotherms. Juveniles and species
with small adults may have been either endotherms or
ectotherms.
'Normal climate' Correct Answer Climate modelling and
assessment of global change both require a determination of
what is a "normal" climate for the region. But as recent events
have shown, can be very difficult to determine what a normal
climate is! Using geological and fossil proxies allows climatic
reconstructions over the full range of Earth evolution. On this
timescale, concept of 'normal' is very different. Superb Neogene
record with gradual loss of resolution as get older.
"Deep Time" Correct Answer The age of the universe (14
billion years) or the Earth (4.6 billion) is almost impossible for
the public to comprehend. Life first appeared early in Earth
history but complex life and human dev. are rather late
innovations
"leaky replacement" Correct Answer Molecular data available
to date seems to be most compatible with a modification of the
monogenesis theory with minor genetic interchange between
humans and other hominid groups.
"Tasmanian Wolf" Correct Answer Australian dog-like top
carnivore.
"Warm little pond" Correct Answer Darwin wrote famous
letter to Joseph Hooker in 1871 suggesting life began this way.
Seems unlikely, since extremophiles are at the root of the
universal tree of life. Most recent research focuses on
hydrothermal systems (eg. mid-ocean ridges, vents and caldera).
,2 big evolutionary drivers Correct Answer Skeletons and tools
led to brain development, not the other way around.
2 fundamental controls on evolution of horses Correct Answer
Migration and climate change. Horse evolution from combo of
red queen and court jestor effect
2 main groups of primates Correct Answer Strepsirhini -
lemurs and bush babies
Hapiorhini - apes,
2 major techniques to classifying organisms Correct Answer
Cladistics and molecular phylogeny
2 orders of hoofed mammals that appeared in Eocene Correct
Answer Artiodactyles - even toed ungulates. Include deer,
sheep, camels, cow, pigs and hippos
Perissodactyls - odd toed ungulates. Include modern horses,
rhinos and tapirs plus several extinct groups
3 concerns Correct Answer 1. Predator-prey footprint ratios
highly variable, but generally more in the 25% predator range.
2. Gigantotherms and partial endotherms would require far less
energy than modern endothermic mammalian carnivores. Since
an adult tyrannosaurus was a gigantotherm, could have survived
on as few as 5 good feeds per year!
3. Bakker's analysis implies that the predators were endotherms,
but says nothing about their prey!
3 factors for decreasing diversity on Earth Correct Answer
Cambrian fauna, Paleozoic fauna/biota, modern fauna. Look at
,graphs to see increasing. Increase is evident in both shelly fossil
records and soft-bodied animals. Predominantly in oceans.
3 main domains of universal tree of life Correct Answer
Archaea, bacteria, eukaryota
3 main groupings of amniotes Correct Answer Based on
number and position of fenestrae (holes other than orbits and
nostrils). Anapsid, synapsid and diapsid. Th anapsid condition is
primitive, synapsid and diapsid conditions were derived from
anapsid reptiles in the Late Carboniferous.
3 main innovations of Cambrian brains Correct Answer 1)
Complex patterns of deposit-feeding and predation
2) Vertical dwelling burrows
3) Systematic meandering burrows
Marks extinction of Ediacara Biota.
3 main stages in the oxygenation of the Earth Correct Answer
Iron Ocean, Canfield Ocean, Modern Ocean
3 scales of extinctions Correct Answer Major, intermediate,
lesser.
3 sets of morphological characters Correct Answer 1) Primitive
(relating to original ancestrol features = pleisiomorphies)
2) Derived (first appear in the clade = apomorphies)
3) Convergent/analogous (similar features in unrelated
organisms)
, 3 steps in synthesis of life Correct Answer 1) Formation of
simple organic molecules (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars)
2) Combination of simple organic molecules into complex
organic molecules (DNA, RNA, Proteins)
3) Initiation of replication (reproduction)
3 types of "human prints" present Correct Answer 1. poorly
preserved prints represent poorly preserved bipedal dinos and/or
erosion marks that have been over-interpreted.
2. Well preserved 'human' prints were deliberately carved during
the Depression and sold to tourists
3. Only a small percentage seem to be deliberate frauds.
4 kingdoms of Eukaryotes Correct Answer 1) Protoctista
(protists) - unicellular eukaryotes
2) Fungi - multicellular eukaryotes (non-motile, absorb nutrients
from dead or living organisms)
3) Plantae - multicellular eukaryotes (non-motile,
photosynthesizers)
4) Animalia - Multicellular eukaryotes (motile hetrotrophs)
4 possible solutions to cold/war-blooded debate Correct Answer
1. All dinos were ectotherms ("Overgrown lizards")
2. All dinos were full endotherms (Bakker's Delight)
3. Dinos were a diverse group that contained ectotherms, partial
endotherms, and full endotherms.
4. Large adult dinos were gigantotherms. Juveniles and species
with small adults may have been either endotherms or
ectotherms.
