MCAT PHYSIO 2023
Phase Diagram - Answers-a graph showing the conditions at which a substance exists
as a solid, liquid, or vapor
a line separates the regions that correspond to the solid and liquid phases. For most
substances, since the solid phase is denser than the liquid, this line has a positive
slope. This indicates that it is possible to convert the liquid substance into solid by
increasing pressure. Since the opposite is true for water, however, the line between
these regions has a negative - or downward-tilting - slope. This hallmark is one easy
way to distinguish the phase diagram of water from that of most other compounds.
social facilitation - Answers-stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the
presence of others
bystander effect - Answers-the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give
aid if other bystanders are present
bystander effect factors - Answers-individuals do not intervene to help victims when
others are present
-less likely to notice danger in crowds
-take cues from others
-degree of responsibility is decreased
-cohesiveness of group
Deindividuation - Answers-when an individual seems to lose himself or herself in the
group's identity
social loafing - Answers-the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when
pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
group polarization - Answers-the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations
through discussion within the group. doesn't have to be irrational.
normative social influence - Answers-behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain
social acceptance and approval
informational social influence - Answers-influence resulting from one's willingness to
accept others' opinions about reality
Groupthink - Answers-the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a
decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. leads to irrational
decisions by a group.
,characteristics of group think - Answers-invulnerability, rationalization, lack of
introspection, stereotyping, pressure, lack of disagreement, self-deception, insularity
Irving Janis and groupthink - Answers-members of a group are so driven to reach
unanimous decisions that they no longer truly evaluate the consequences of their
decisions
occurs when the groups making decision are isolated and homogeneous, there is a lack
of impartial leadership inside or outside the gorup, when there is a high level of pressure
for a decision to be made
Conformity - Answers-when someone's behavior, beliefs, or thinking changes to line up
with the perspective of others
compliance - Answers-when the person conforms but internally dissents
Conversion - Answers-genuine change in someone's beliefs
Asch Experiment - Answers-experimented how people would rather conform than state
their own individual answer even though they know the group's answer is wrong, length
of lines
compliance (requests) - Answers-responses to requests from someone with no power to
enforce that request.
foot-in-the-door technique - Answers-asking for a small commitment and, after gaining
compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
door-in-the-face technique - Answers-asking for a large commitment and being refused
and then asking for a smaller commitment
low-ball technique - Answers-persuasive technique in which the seller of a product
starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the
customer has agreed to purchase the product
obidience - Answers-changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure
Milgram Experiment - Answers-an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a
psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a
scientific authority figure with giving electric shocks
Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo) - Answers-classic "experiment" where
individuals were assigned to be guards / prisoners. w/in days they took on their roles
and went too far. Highly unethical
,social norms - Answers-rules, spoken or unspoken, that regulate behavior, beliefs,
attitudes, and values of members of society
social control - Answers-the way norms are taught, enforced, and perpetuated
deviance - Answers-when someone doesn't follow a norm
formal vs informal norms - Answers-Formal:
-generally written down, like *laws*
-precisely defined, publicly presented and have strict penalties for violators
informal: generally understood but less precise and carry no specific punishment
Folkways - Answers-insignificant informal norms that involve small details, violating
them does not cause too much of a problem, example: fashion, wearing socks with
sandals
mores - Answers-informal norms, which incur severe disapproval when violated. ex:
cheating on romantic partner
taboos - Answers-even more restrictive norms that generate extreme disapproval. Ex:
cannabalism, incest. Driven by culture. Some are forbidden by law and some aren't.
Anomie - Answers-Refers to situation where there is a poor match between society's
stated norms and the norms that an individual responds to
sanctions - Answers-punishment or negative consequences for violating a social norm.
Rewards for following social norm.
adding a solute to water will ----- bp and ----- mp, - Answers-increase; lower
differential association theory - Answers-theory that individuals learn deviance in
proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to, and deviance is learned
socially, draws from symbolic interactionism
labeling approach - Answers-focuses on how behavior is affected by being labeled as a
deviant.
Primary Deviance (Labeling Theory) - Answers-the initial act or attitude that causes one
to be labeled deviant
secondary deviance (labeling theory) - Answers-subsequent acts of rule breaking that
occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new, deviant label, the stigma
attached to it and people's expectations of you
, strain theory - Answers-focuses on the role of social and economic pressures towards
deviance. Says that some people would commit crime under straining conditions.
Socialization - Answers-how we learn informal and formal norms by interacting with
other people and insitutions
agents of socialization - Answers-family, education system, mass media, peers,
workplace
Fads - Answers-a new behavior that suddenly becomes extremely popular, then fades
mass hysteria - Answers-irrational fear of a perceived threat, verging on the point of a
collective delusion
riots - Answers-characterized by large # of people who engage in dangerous behavior,
such as vandalism, violence, or other crimes. Deindividation, loss of self identity,
occurs. Often violent and targeted against an established institution or authority figure.
peer pressure - Answers-influence from members of one's peer group.
Anaerobic - Answers-Process that does not require oxygen
Halophiles - Answers-"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high
salt concentrations
What to the numbers on the bottom of the Element on MCAT Periodic table mean? -
Answers-the molar mass of the element in *grams/mol*
How many grams are in a kilogram? - Answers-1000
What is molarity? - Answers-mol/L
A mole - Answers-a number of items equal to Avogadro's number (6.02 × 1023)
a 1 M solution of glucose contains - Answers-6.02 × 1023 molecules of glucose in each
liter of solution.
millimolar (mM) - Answers-10^-3 M
micromolar (µM) - Answers-10^-6 M
nanomolar (nM) - Answers-10^-9 M
If a person drank a large quantity of hypersaline ocean water, the person could die
because absorption of salt into the blood will cause it to become: - Answers-hypertonic
compared with the cytosol of the body's cells, causing osmosis of water out of the cells.
Phase Diagram - Answers-a graph showing the conditions at which a substance exists
as a solid, liquid, or vapor
a line separates the regions that correspond to the solid and liquid phases. For most
substances, since the solid phase is denser than the liquid, this line has a positive
slope. This indicates that it is possible to convert the liquid substance into solid by
increasing pressure. Since the opposite is true for water, however, the line between
these regions has a negative - or downward-tilting - slope. This hallmark is one easy
way to distinguish the phase diagram of water from that of most other compounds.
social facilitation - Answers-stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the
presence of others
bystander effect - Answers-the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give
aid if other bystanders are present
bystander effect factors - Answers-individuals do not intervene to help victims when
others are present
-less likely to notice danger in crowds
-take cues from others
-degree of responsibility is decreased
-cohesiveness of group
Deindividuation - Answers-when an individual seems to lose himself or herself in the
group's identity
social loafing - Answers-the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when
pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
group polarization - Answers-the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations
through discussion within the group. doesn't have to be irrational.
normative social influence - Answers-behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain
social acceptance and approval
informational social influence - Answers-influence resulting from one's willingness to
accept others' opinions about reality
Groupthink - Answers-the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a
decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. leads to irrational
decisions by a group.
,characteristics of group think - Answers-invulnerability, rationalization, lack of
introspection, stereotyping, pressure, lack of disagreement, self-deception, insularity
Irving Janis and groupthink - Answers-members of a group are so driven to reach
unanimous decisions that they no longer truly evaluate the consequences of their
decisions
occurs when the groups making decision are isolated and homogeneous, there is a lack
of impartial leadership inside or outside the gorup, when there is a high level of pressure
for a decision to be made
Conformity - Answers-when someone's behavior, beliefs, or thinking changes to line up
with the perspective of others
compliance - Answers-when the person conforms but internally dissents
Conversion - Answers-genuine change in someone's beliefs
Asch Experiment - Answers-experimented how people would rather conform than state
their own individual answer even though they know the group's answer is wrong, length
of lines
compliance (requests) - Answers-responses to requests from someone with no power to
enforce that request.
foot-in-the-door technique - Answers-asking for a small commitment and, after gaining
compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
door-in-the-face technique - Answers-asking for a large commitment and being refused
and then asking for a smaller commitment
low-ball technique - Answers-persuasive technique in which the seller of a product
starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the
customer has agreed to purchase the product
obidience - Answers-changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure
Milgram Experiment - Answers-an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a
psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a
scientific authority figure with giving electric shocks
Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo) - Answers-classic "experiment" where
individuals were assigned to be guards / prisoners. w/in days they took on their roles
and went too far. Highly unethical
,social norms - Answers-rules, spoken or unspoken, that regulate behavior, beliefs,
attitudes, and values of members of society
social control - Answers-the way norms are taught, enforced, and perpetuated
deviance - Answers-when someone doesn't follow a norm
formal vs informal norms - Answers-Formal:
-generally written down, like *laws*
-precisely defined, publicly presented and have strict penalties for violators
informal: generally understood but less precise and carry no specific punishment
Folkways - Answers-insignificant informal norms that involve small details, violating
them does not cause too much of a problem, example: fashion, wearing socks with
sandals
mores - Answers-informal norms, which incur severe disapproval when violated. ex:
cheating on romantic partner
taboos - Answers-even more restrictive norms that generate extreme disapproval. Ex:
cannabalism, incest. Driven by culture. Some are forbidden by law and some aren't.
Anomie - Answers-Refers to situation where there is a poor match between society's
stated norms and the norms that an individual responds to
sanctions - Answers-punishment or negative consequences for violating a social norm.
Rewards for following social norm.
adding a solute to water will ----- bp and ----- mp, - Answers-increase; lower
differential association theory - Answers-theory that individuals learn deviance in
proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to, and deviance is learned
socially, draws from symbolic interactionism
labeling approach - Answers-focuses on how behavior is affected by being labeled as a
deviant.
Primary Deviance (Labeling Theory) - Answers-the initial act or attitude that causes one
to be labeled deviant
secondary deviance (labeling theory) - Answers-subsequent acts of rule breaking that
occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new, deviant label, the stigma
attached to it and people's expectations of you
, strain theory - Answers-focuses on the role of social and economic pressures towards
deviance. Says that some people would commit crime under straining conditions.
Socialization - Answers-how we learn informal and formal norms by interacting with
other people and insitutions
agents of socialization - Answers-family, education system, mass media, peers,
workplace
Fads - Answers-a new behavior that suddenly becomes extremely popular, then fades
mass hysteria - Answers-irrational fear of a perceived threat, verging on the point of a
collective delusion
riots - Answers-characterized by large # of people who engage in dangerous behavior,
such as vandalism, violence, or other crimes. Deindividation, loss of self identity,
occurs. Often violent and targeted against an established institution or authority figure.
peer pressure - Answers-influence from members of one's peer group.
Anaerobic - Answers-Process that does not require oxygen
Halophiles - Answers-"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high
salt concentrations
What to the numbers on the bottom of the Element on MCAT Periodic table mean? -
Answers-the molar mass of the element in *grams/mol*
How many grams are in a kilogram? - Answers-1000
What is molarity? - Answers-mol/L
A mole - Answers-a number of items equal to Avogadro's number (6.02 × 1023)
a 1 M solution of glucose contains - Answers-6.02 × 1023 molecules of glucose in each
liter of solution.
millimolar (mM) - Answers-10^-3 M
micromolar (µM) - Answers-10^-6 M
nanomolar (nM) - Answers-10^-9 M
If a person drank a large quantity of hypersaline ocean water, the person could die
because absorption of salt into the blood will cause it to become: - Answers-hypertonic
compared with the cytosol of the body's cells, causing osmosis of water out of the cells.
