Body Plane Directions Notes

NOTES - Planes, Directions, & Cavities – Chapter 7.2
NAME _____Ceniya Jefferson______
The basic levels of organization of the human body are:
• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organs
• Systems
• Organism
Cells:
• Are ___microscopic___ organisms
• Carry out all _____functions_____ of ___life____ (basic units of life)
• ___Vary____ in shape and size
• Perform ____different_____ functions
The body contains ____trillions_____ of cells.
Stem cells have the ability to be ____transformed____ into ___any_____ of the body’s
specialized cells, and therefore, perform the ____function_____ of that cell. Stem cells are
found in the blastocysts (including aborted babies), ____adult____ bone marrow, and
umbilical cord __blood___.

Tissues
• Tissues are ___cells___ of same type joined together
• 60%–99% water, called ___tissue___ fluid. If less fluid, called ___dehydration____. If
increased fluid, called ____edema___.
Groups of tissues
1. Epithelial – covers the __surface__ of the body & is the main tissue in the __skin__.
It _lines__ the intestinal, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary ____tracts____, & other
cavities. It forms the body ___glands____, where it specializes to produce
__secretions___.
2. Connective –
A. Soft
1. __Adipose__ – stores fat for energy, __insulates__, fills between tissues,
and is padding.
2. Fibrous – ___ligaments___ & tendons – ___hold___ parts together
B. Hard – cartilage & __bone__
C. Liquid
1. Blood – carries nutrients & O2 _to_ cells & CO2 ___away___ from cells.
2. Lymph – transports ___fluids___, ___proteins____, fats, from the tissues to the
_____circulatory______ system.
3. Nerve – neurons _____control______ & ____coordinate____ the body
4. Muscle – produces ___movement___ by contraction
A. Skeletal – provides movement for _____body_______

, B. Cardiac – causes ___heart___ to beat
C. Visceral (_smooth__) – ___walls___ of respiratory, digestive, and urinary
tracts, and blood ___vessels___
Organs: two or more ___tissues____ joined together for a specific purpose
Systems: __organs___ and other body parts joined together for a particular function

Directions, Planes, Cavities, & Quadrants
• ANATOMY – study of the ___parts___ of the ____body____
• PHYSIOLOGY – study of the ____function_____ of the _____body______
• ANATOMICAL POSITION – Body ___standing___ erect with ___face___ & ___feet____
forward, arms at the __side__, palms __forward__

Positions and directions:
• ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – ___front___ or in front of
• POSTERIOR or DORSAL – ____back____ or in back of
• SUPERIOR – __upper___ or ____above___ something
• INFERIOR – __lower__ or ____below_____ something
• MEDIAL – toward the ___middle___
• LATERAL – toward the ___side___ of the body
• PROXIMAL – ___toward___ the point of ___attachment___ to the body or the
__trunk___ of the body
• DISTAL – ___away___ from the point of __attachment__ to the body
• SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the ___surface____ or ____outside_____ the body
• DEEP (INTERNAL) – ___inside___ the body

PLANES – ___imaginary____ lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate
the body into _____sections_____.
• MIDSAGITTAL (MEDIAN) PLANE – divides the body into __right__ and ___left___
parts
• FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE – vertical cut at __right___ angles to sagittal plane,
divides the body into __front__ and ____back____ portions
• TRANSVERSE (HORIZONTAL) PLANE – ___cross____-section, a
____horizontal_____ plane that divides the body into a top half and a bottom half.