NURS 218 - EXAM 5 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Self regulation of blood pressure
overlapping network of neural, hormonal and vascular mechanisms
Neural regulation
is through sympathetic nervous system where baroreceptors detect changes in
pressure or stretch and chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen
hormonal regulation
RAAS system
vascular regulatio
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Normal
S- < 120, D- < 80
Prehypertension
S: 120-129, D: < 80
Stage I hypertension
S: 130-139, D: 80-89
Stage II hypertension
S: 140 or higher, D: 90 or higher
Hypertension
persistently high blood pressure that can lead to vascular damage
genetic variations, obesity, high alcohol intake, high salt intake in salt-sensitive people
secondary etiology: drugs renal or CNS disorders
,Hypertension etiology
heart enlarges (hypertrophy) leading to heart failure
Hypertension pathophysiology
no symptoms for years
eventually problems arise in angina pectoris, MI, heart failure, stroke, renal disease
Hypertension clinical manifestations
limit sodium, reduce body weight, increase exercise, reduce alcohol intake, no smoking
treatment of hypertension
block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Captopril (Capoten) mechanism of action
hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, improves post-MI survival
Captopril (Capoten) indications
cough, angioedema, swelling of the jaw, eyes or lips, first-dose hypotension
Captopril (Capoten) side effects
block the actions of angiotension II
Losartan (Cozaar) mechanism of action
hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, MI
Losartan (Cozaar) indications
generally well tolerated, rare angioedema, fetal harm in 2nd or 3rd trimester
, Losartan (Cozaar) side effects
prevent calcium ions from entering cells resulting in relaxation and vasodilation
Amlodipine (Norvasc) mechanism of action
hypertension, angina pectoris, and cardac dysrhythmias
Amlodipine (Norvasc) indications
generally well tolerated, headache, drowsiness
Amlodipine (Norvasc) side effects
-may require several office visits to find the right medication or combination of
medications that are effective
-usually long-term therapy
-monitor blood pressure
-orthostatic hypotension may occur; avoid falls
patient teaching guidelines for antihypertensive drugs
Dysrhythmia
abnormality in the rhythm of the heartbeat
originates in any part of the conduction system or in the heart muscle, ectopic
(abnormal location of electrical impulse), indicate cardiac irritability
Dysrhythmia etiology
may interfere with cardiac funtion and later the heart's ability to pump sufficient blood
supply to body tissues
Tachydysrhythmias: heart rates greater than 100 bpm
ANSWERS
Self regulation of blood pressure
overlapping network of neural, hormonal and vascular mechanisms
Neural regulation
is through sympathetic nervous system where baroreceptors detect changes in
pressure or stretch and chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen
hormonal regulation
RAAS system
vascular regulatio
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Normal
S- < 120, D- < 80
Prehypertension
S: 120-129, D: < 80
Stage I hypertension
S: 130-139, D: 80-89
Stage II hypertension
S: 140 or higher, D: 90 or higher
Hypertension
persistently high blood pressure that can lead to vascular damage
genetic variations, obesity, high alcohol intake, high salt intake in salt-sensitive people
secondary etiology: drugs renal or CNS disorders
,Hypertension etiology
heart enlarges (hypertrophy) leading to heart failure
Hypertension pathophysiology
no symptoms for years
eventually problems arise in angina pectoris, MI, heart failure, stroke, renal disease
Hypertension clinical manifestations
limit sodium, reduce body weight, increase exercise, reduce alcohol intake, no smoking
treatment of hypertension
block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Captopril (Capoten) mechanism of action
hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, improves post-MI survival
Captopril (Capoten) indications
cough, angioedema, swelling of the jaw, eyes or lips, first-dose hypotension
Captopril (Capoten) side effects
block the actions of angiotension II
Losartan (Cozaar) mechanism of action
hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, MI
Losartan (Cozaar) indications
generally well tolerated, rare angioedema, fetal harm in 2nd or 3rd trimester
, Losartan (Cozaar) side effects
prevent calcium ions from entering cells resulting in relaxation and vasodilation
Amlodipine (Norvasc) mechanism of action
hypertension, angina pectoris, and cardac dysrhythmias
Amlodipine (Norvasc) indications
generally well tolerated, headache, drowsiness
Amlodipine (Norvasc) side effects
-may require several office visits to find the right medication or combination of
medications that are effective
-usually long-term therapy
-monitor blood pressure
-orthostatic hypotension may occur; avoid falls
patient teaching guidelines for antihypertensive drugs
Dysrhythmia
abnormality in the rhythm of the heartbeat
originates in any part of the conduction system or in the heart muscle, ectopic
(abnormal location of electrical impulse), indicate cardiac irritability
Dysrhythmia etiology
may interfere with cardiac funtion and later the heart's ability to pump sufficient blood
supply to body tissues
Tachydysrhythmias: heart rates greater than 100 bpm
