NTR 419/594 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
EXAM
-Essential nutrients: nutrients necessary for life and growth that cannot
be produced in sufficient amounts, or at all --> must be provided
exogenously
-Includes macronutrients and micronutrients - ANSWER Define essential
nutrients
Diet, supplements, and enteral/parenteral feeding - ANSWER What are
some exogenous sources of essential nutrients?
-Water, protein, carbohydrate, fat/lipid
-Present in food, body, and required, in relatively large (g) amounts -
ANSWER Macronutrients
-Vitamins, minerals
-Present in food, body, and required, in relatively small (mg, mcg)
amounts - ANSWER Micronutrients
-Acute (short term) causes: excessive sweating, vomiting or diarrhea,
febrile conditions (fever), blood loss, diuresis (urination); losing
excessive amounts of water
-Chronic (long term) causes: inadequate intake of water; especially in
older adults as thirst decreases with age, or bc of medication or needing
help going to restroom; inadequate intake of water - ANSWER Acute vs
chronic water deficiency (dehydration)
-Excess water = water retention; can be acute or chronic; can
significantly impact body weight (important to know to prevent
medication over-dosing)
-Causes: congestive heart failure, diseases/conditions with edema as a
side effect (e.g. diabetes, liver disease) - ANSWER Excess water effects
and causes
-Morbidity and mortality
,-More
-Immune function
-Secondary - ANSWER Protein status:
-Protein status = significant predictor of _____ and _____ in clinical
setting
-Lower protein status = _____ likely adverse outcome
-May reflect decrease in _________ (direct effect on health)
-May be ______ to something else (marker for other factors affecting
health)
The most common clinical measurement in serum albumin, but it can be
affected by a lot of things and only changes very slowly, so it's not a very
sensitive indicator. It may be inadequately used by HCPs, but it is still
generally used - ANSWER Why is there no gold standard for measuring
protein status?
-9 essential amino acids and 11 non-essential amino acids (20 total)
-Conditionally essential amino acids: non-essential amino acids that can
become essential under some conditions
-Dietary sources: animal meat, eggs, dairy, fish, shellfish, legumes, nuts,
seeds, grains, rice - ANSWER Dietary amino acids
-By-products of amino acid metabolism
-AKA "intermediate metabolites"
-E.g. homocysteine - may be associated with CVD and Alzheimer's risk -
ANSWER Non-dietary amino acids
-Monosaccharides: C6H12O6; simplest CH2O molecule; one sugar
-Disaccharides: two sugars
-Polysaccharides: many (100s-1000s) of sugars - ANSWER Mono vs di
vs polysaccharides
-Any
-Brain, CNS, and hematologic cells (RBC, WBC)
-Acute stress response
-Fruits, vegetables, and honey
-Glycogen (liver, muscle), or fat (liver) --> adipose tissue - ANSWER
Glucose:
,-Can be used by ____ cell for energy
-Primary energy source for _______
-Becomes significant energy source during _______
-Present in ________
-Excess dietary glucose --> ____ or ______
Fat; carbohydrates (glucose) - ANSWER At rest, the majority of total
energy is coming from ______; ______ becomes primary fuel source
ONLY if exercising at significant intensity
-Some
-Glucose or fat
-Fruits, vegetables, and honey - ANSWER Fructose:
-Can be used by ____ cells for energy
-Most is converted to _____ or ____ in liver
-Present in _____
-Any
-Glucose
-Endogenously
-Mammalian milk (lactose) - ANSWER Galactose
-CANNOT be used by ____ cells for energy
-Most is converted into _____ (liver)
-_______ produced galactose used to make glycolipids, glycoproteins
(cell-signaling functions)
-Present almost exclusively in ________
Glucose, fructose, galactose - ANSWER What are the 3
monosaccharides?
-Glucose and galactose
-Mammalian milk
-Lactase; undigested; fermented - ANSWER Lactose:
-Disaccharide of ____ and _____
-Present only in ______
-Lactose intolerance: low levels of ______ --> _______ lactose in large
intestine ---> _______ by intestinal microbes ---> bloating, diarrhea, gas
, -Glucose and fructose
-Sugar, table sugar, white sugar, refined sugar, cane sugar, cane juice,
cane juice crystals, brown sugar, turbinado sugar, raw sugar
-Fruits and vegetables - ANSWER Sucrose:
-Disaccharide of ____ and _____
-AKA: ....?
-Present in ______
-Glucose and glucose
-Grains and cereals - ANSWER Maltose:
-Disaccharide of _____ and _____
-Not common in diet, primarily in ______
Lactose, sucrose, maltose - ANSWER What are the 3 disaccharides?
-Glucose only
-Straight (amylose) or branched (amylopectin)
-Grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, some vegetables - ANSWER Starch:
-Polysaccharide of 100s-1000s of _______
-Can have ____ or _____ chains
-Present in _____
Amylose vs amylopectin - ANSWER
-Water
-Cellulose; glucose only
-Whole wheat flour and wheat bran - ANSWER Insoluble fiber:
-Insoluble in _____
-E.g. _____: polysaccharide of ______
-Sources include _____
-Human amylases can digest the alpha 1-4 bond in starch but NOT beta
1-4 bond in cellulose - ANSWER Starch vs cellulose digestion in
humans
-Water; gels
-Pectin; oats, legumes, and avocados
-"Non-nutritive" - ANSWER Soluble fiber:
EXAM
-Essential nutrients: nutrients necessary for life and growth that cannot
be produced in sufficient amounts, or at all --> must be provided
exogenously
-Includes macronutrients and micronutrients - ANSWER Define essential
nutrients
Diet, supplements, and enteral/parenteral feeding - ANSWER What are
some exogenous sources of essential nutrients?
-Water, protein, carbohydrate, fat/lipid
-Present in food, body, and required, in relatively large (g) amounts -
ANSWER Macronutrients
-Vitamins, minerals
-Present in food, body, and required, in relatively small (mg, mcg)
amounts - ANSWER Micronutrients
-Acute (short term) causes: excessive sweating, vomiting or diarrhea,
febrile conditions (fever), blood loss, diuresis (urination); losing
excessive amounts of water
-Chronic (long term) causes: inadequate intake of water; especially in
older adults as thirst decreases with age, or bc of medication or needing
help going to restroom; inadequate intake of water - ANSWER Acute vs
chronic water deficiency (dehydration)
-Excess water = water retention; can be acute or chronic; can
significantly impact body weight (important to know to prevent
medication over-dosing)
-Causes: congestive heart failure, diseases/conditions with edema as a
side effect (e.g. diabetes, liver disease) - ANSWER Excess water effects
and causes
-Morbidity and mortality
,-More
-Immune function
-Secondary - ANSWER Protein status:
-Protein status = significant predictor of _____ and _____ in clinical
setting
-Lower protein status = _____ likely adverse outcome
-May reflect decrease in _________ (direct effect on health)
-May be ______ to something else (marker for other factors affecting
health)
The most common clinical measurement in serum albumin, but it can be
affected by a lot of things and only changes very slowly, so it's not a very
sensitive indicator. It may be inadequately used by HCPs, but it is still
generally used - ANSWER Why is there no gold standard for measuring
protein status?
-9 essential amino acids and 11 non-essential amino acids (20 total)
-Conditionally essential amino acids: non-essential amino acids that can
become essential under some conditions
-Dietary sources: animal meat, eggs, dairy, fish, shellfish, legumes, nuts,
seeds, grains, rice - ANSWER Dietary amino acids
-By-products of amino acid metabolism
-AKA "intermediate metabolites"
-E.g. homocysteine - may be associated with CVD and Alzheimer's risk -
ANSWER Non-dietary amino acids
-Monosaccharides: C6H12O6; simplest CH2O molecule; one sugar
-Disaccharides: two sugars
-Polysaccharides: many (100s-1000s) of sugars - ANSWER Mono vs di
vs polysaccharides
-Any
-Brain, CNS, and hematologic cells (RBC, WBC)
-Acute stress response
-Fruits, vegetables, and honey
-Glycogen (liver, muscle), or fat (liver) --> adipose tissue - ANSWER
Glucose:
,-Can be used by ____ cell for energy
-Primary energy source for _______
-Becomes significant energy source during _______
-Present in ________
-Excess dietary glucose --> ____ or ______
Fat; carbohydrates (glucose) - ANSWER At rest, the majority of total
energy is coming from ______; ______ becomes primary fuel source
ONLY if exercising at significant intensity
-Some
-Glucose or fat
-Fruits, vegetables, and honey - ANSWER Fructose:
-Can be used by ____ cells for energy
-Most is converted to _____ or ____ in liver
-Present in _____
-Any
-Glucose
-Endogenously
-Mammalian milk (lactose) - ANSWER Galactose
-CANNOT be used by ____ cells for energy
-Most is converted into _____ (liver)
-_______ produced galactose used to make glycolipids, glycoproteins
(cell-signaling functions)
-Present almost exclusively in ________
Glucose, fructose, galactose - ANSWER What are the 3
monosaccharides?
-Glucose and galactose
-Mammalian milk
-Lactase; undigested; fermented - ANSWER Lactose:
-Disaccharide of ____ and _____
-Present only in ______
-Lactose intolerance: low levels of ______ --> _______ lactose in large
intestine ---> _______ by intestinal microbes ---> bloating, diarrhea, gas
, -Glucose and fructose
-Sugar, table sugar, white sugar, refined sugar, cane sugar, cane juice,
cane juice crystals, brown sugar, turbinado sugar, raw sugar
-Fruits and vegetables - ANSWER Sucrose:
-Disaccharide of ____ and _____
-AKA: ....?
-Present in ______
-Glucose and glucose
-Grains and cereals - ANSWER Maltose:
-Disaccharide of _____ and _____
-Not common in diet, primarily in ______
Lactose, sucrose, maltose - ANSWER What are the 3 disaccharides?
-Glucose only
-Straight (amylose) or branched (amylopectin)
-Grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, some vegetables - ANSWER Starch:
-Polysaccharide of 100s-1000s of _______
-Can have ____ or _____ chains
-Present in _____
Amylose vs amylopectin - ANSWER
-Water
-Cellulose; glucose only
-Whole wheat flour and wheat bran - ANSWER Insoluble fiber:
-Insoluble in _____
-E.g. _____: polysaccharide of ______
-Sources include _____
-Human amylases can digest the alpha 1-4 bond in starch but NOT beta
1-4 bond in cellulose - ANSWER Starch vs cellulose digestion in
humans
-Water; gels
-Pectin; oats, legumes, and avocados
-"Non-nutritive" - ANSWER Soluble fiber:
