NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM 4 LATEST WITH
QESTIONS AND ANSWERS,GRADE A+ GURANTEED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
How are cells specialized? ANSWER=through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? ANSWER=movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? ANSWER=the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? ANSWER=Cellular injury causing cellular self-
digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? ANSWER=the largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell
division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? ANSWER=an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the
nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? ANSWER=a network of
tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in
the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? ANSWER=a network of smooth membranes
and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and
packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? ANSWER=saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
, What are peroxisomes? ANSWER=involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease ANSWER=The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded
they can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? ANSWER=. Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? ANSWER=the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is
composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? ANSWER=encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement
of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? ANSWER=The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to
the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? ANSWER=protein homeostasis and is
defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers),
chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these
systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? ANSWER=on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact
with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? ANSWER=(1) the extracellular membrane, (2)
cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
QESTIONS AND ANSWERS,GRADE A+ GURANTEED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
How are cells specialized? ANSWER=through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? ANSWER=movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? ANSWER=the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? ANSWER=Cellular injury causing cellular self-
digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? ANSWER=the largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell
division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? ANSWER=an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the
nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? ANSWER=a network of
tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in
the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? ANSWER=a network of smooth membranes
and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and
packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? ANSWER=saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
, What are peroxisomes? ANSWER=involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease ANSWER=The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded
they can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? ANSWER=. Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? ANSWER=the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is
composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? ANSWER=encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement
of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? ANSWER=The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to
the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? ANSWER=protein homeostasis and is
defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers),
chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these
systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? ANSWER=on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact
with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? ANSWER=(1) the extracellular membrane, (2)
cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
