CCJ 4700 Exam Study Guide Latest Update

CCJ 4700 Exam Study Guide Latest Update Dependent Variable - Answer-the variable assume to depend on or be caused by another variable (IV). If you find that sentence length is partly a function of the number of prior arrests, then sentence length is being treated as a dependent variable. Experimental Group - Answer-in experimentation, a group of subjects who are exposed to an experimental stimulus. Subjects in the experimental group are normally compared with subjects in a control group to test the effects of the experimental stimulus (comparison group) Experimental mortality - Answer-Cases that drop out of the study are different Generalizability - Answer-That ability of a research finding that justifies the influence that it represents something more than the specific observation on which it was based. sometimes this involves the generalization of findings from a sample to a population. other times it is a matter of concepts; if you are able to discover why people commit burglaries, can you generalize that discovery to other crimes as well? Independent variable - Answer-An independent variable is persumed to cause or determine a dependent variable. if we discover that police cynicism is partly a function of years of experience, than experience is the independent variable and cynicism is the dependent variable. Note that any given variable might be treated as independent in one part of an analysis. cynism might become an independent variable in the explanation of job satisfaction EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 2/11 Instrumentation - Answer-Changes in the measurement process ex: if they use two different tests for the pretest and posttest. Maturation - Answer-Natural (often age linked) change in the DV over time Pretest - Answer-is a measure of the dependent variable taken before the implementation of the independent variable Posttest - Answer- Quasi-experiment - Answer-A research design that includes most, but not all, elements of an experimental design. Quasi means "sort of", and a Quasi-experiment is sort of an experiment. two general classes of quasi-experiments are nonequivalent groups and time-series design. Randomization - Answer-A technique for randomly assigning experimental subjects to experimental groups and control group Selection Bias - Answer-Pre-existing differences between groups, or different potentials for change Statistical regression - Answer-Imperfect reliability; sometimes a subject pretest score will be randomly high or low Testing - Answer-Taking the pretest may change the way subjects respond to posttest Control group - Answer--Not given the treatment - Used to compare results from the experiment group EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 3/11 -in experimentation a group of subjects to whom no experimental group in all other respects. the comparison of the control group and the experimental group at the end of the experiment indicates the effect of the experimental stimulus Cluster sample - Answer-A multistage sample in which natural groups (clusters) are sampled initially, with the members of each selected group being subsampled afterward. For ex: you might select a sample of municipal police department from a directory, get lists of the police officers at all the selected departments then draw samples of officers from each. Confidence interval - Answer-the range of values within which a population parameter is established to lie. A survey for instance may show that 40% of a sample favor a ban on handguns Confidence level - Answer-the estimated probability that a population parameter lies within a given confidence interval. thus we might be 95% confident that between 35 and 45% of all residents of California favor an absolute ban of handguns Disproportionate stratified sampling - Answer--Over sampling some types ad not others -Deliberately drawing a sample that overrepresents or underepresents