NUR3196- Pharmacology Test|
Questions and 100% Correct Verified
Answers
What are the symptoms for hyponatremia? - Answer Decreased sodium levels can
disrupt nerve conduction leading to:
Fatigue
Muscle cramps
Nausea, or vomiting
As fluid shifts, blood pressure may drop. When fluid shifts into the brain cells, they
begin to swell leading to:
Headache
Confusion
Weakness
Seizures
If not corrected, it can result in coma and death.
Hypernatremia stimulates... - Answer the secretion of ADH and NP, which work
together to cause the kidneys to increase their excretion of sodium as well as the
reabsorption of water.
,-secretion of aldosterone is decreased
Hypernatremia - Answer high blood soidum (more than 145 meq/L)
What causes hypernatremia? - Answer Increased sodium intake (e.g. salt
tablets) without equivalent water intake
Body water loss occurring faster than the accompanying sodium loss
Decreased ADH secretion leading to excretion of large volumes of dilute urine
Watery diarrhea
Loss of sensation of thirst
Hypernatremia S/S - Answer You are 'fried' or S.A.L.T.
F - Fever (low grade), flushed skin
R - Restless (irritable)
I - Increased fluid retention and increased BP
E - Edema (peripheral and pitting)
D - Decreased urinary output, dry mouth
S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
*edema typically affects the lungs, brain, legs & lower back
Hypochloremia - Answer defined as low serum chloride level (less than 98 mmol/liter)
, What causes hypochloremia? - Answer Alkalosis from the loss of hydrochloric acid from
the stomach due to vomiting
Excess sweating from fever or increased physical activity during a hot day, which
increases the loss of sodium chloride and causes hyponatremia, hypochloremia,
and dehydration
Fluid overload resulting in dilution
Diarrhea
Adrenal insufficiency
Diuretics
Hyperchloremia is - Answer defined as a high serum chloride level (greater than 105
mmol/liter)
What causes hyperchloremia? - Answer Hypernatremia (chloride follows sodium, so
if sodium levels rise, chloride levels rise as well)
Low levels of plasma bicarbonate, which occur with metabolic acidosis
Increased intake of sodium chloride (salt), either by mouth or via IV infusion
Hypocalcemia is defined as - Answer blood calcium level less than 4mEq/mL
Causes of hypocalcemia are include - Answer Deficient dietary intake/inadequate
absorption
Increased calcium excretion
Questions and 100% Correct Verified
Answers
What are the symptoms for hyponatremia? - Answer Decreased sodium levels can
disrupt nerve conduction leading to:
Fatigue
Muscle cramps
Nausea, or vomiting
As fluid shifts, blood pressure may drop. When fluid shifts into the brain cells, they
begin to swell leading to:
Headache
Confusion
Weakness
Seizures
If not corrected, it can result in coma and death.
Hypernatremia stimulates... - Answer the secretion of ADH and NP, which work
together to cause the kidneys to increase their excretion of sodium as well as the
reabsorption of water.
,-secretion of aldosterone is decreased
Hypernatremia - Answer high blood soidum (more than 145 meq/L)
What causes hypernatremia? - Answer Increased sodium intake (e.g. salt
tablets) without equivalent water intake
Body water loss occurring faster than the accompanying sodium loss
Decreased ADH secretion leading to excretion of large volumes of dilute urine
Watery diarrhea
Loss of sensation of thirst
Hypernatremia S/S - Answer You are 'fried' or S.A.L.T.
F - Fever (low grade), flushed skin
R - Restless (irritable)
I - Increased fluid retention and increased BP
E - Edema (peripheral and pitting)
D - Decreased urinary output, dry mouth
S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
*edema typically affects the lungs, brain, legs & lower back
Hypochloremia - Answer defined as low serum chloride level (less than 98 mmol/liter)
, What causes hypochloremia? - Answer Alkalosis from the loss of hydrochloric acid from
the stomach due to vomiting
Excess sweating from fever or increased physical activity during a hot day, which
increases the loss of sodium chloride and causes hyponatremia, hypochloremia,
and dehydration
Fluid overload resulting in dilution
Diarrhea
Adrenal insufficiency
Diuretics
Hyperchloremia is - Answer defined as a high serum chloride level (greater than 105
mmol/liter)
What causes hyperchloremia? - Answer Hypernatremia (chloride follows sodium, so
if sodium levels rise, chloride levels rise as well)
Low levels of plasma bicarbonate, which occur with metabolic acidosis
Increased intake of sodium chloride (salt), either by mouth or via IV infusion
Hypocalcemia is defined as - Answer blood calcium level less than 4mEq/mL
Causes of hypocalcemia are include - Answer Deficient dietary intake/inadequate
absorption
Increased calcium excretion
